Status And Computer Simulations For The Front End Of The Proton Injector For FAIR

FAIR - the international facility for antiproton and ionresearch – located at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany is oneof the largest research projects worldwide. It will providean antiproton production rate of 7·1010 cooled pbars perhour, which is equivalent to a primary proton beamcurrent of 2·1016 protons per hour. A high intensity protonlinac (p-linac) will be built, with an operating rffrequencyof 325 MHz to accelerate a 70 mA proton beamup to 70 MeV, using conducting crossed-bar H-cavities.The repetition rate is 4 Hz with an ion beam pulse lengthof 36 μs [1]. Developed within a joint French-Germancollaboration - GSI/CEA-SACLAY/IAP – the compactproton linac will be injected by a microwave ion sourceand a low energy beam transport (LEBT). The 2.45 GHzion source allows high brightness ion beams at an energyof 95 keV and will deliver a proton beam current of 100mA at the entrance of the RFQ (Radio FrequencyQuadrupole) within an emittance of 0.3π mm mrad (rms).To check on these parameters computer simulations withTraceWin, IGUN and IBSIMU of the ion extraction andLEBT (Low Energy Beam Transport) are performed

Russia's Human Capital: Performance and Comparisons

Article discusses the results of the valuation of human capital in Russia by analyzing the dynamics of in the period from 2007 to 2012 in nominal and real terms. The changes in the value of human capital by age groups are studied, cross-country differences in the estimates of human capital are revealed. The cost of human capital is estimated via two methods: the cost method proposed by Russian scientist M.M. Kritsliy, and the income method developed by the OECD. Current study reflects on the modified OECD method, which is applicable for statistical information disaggregated by five-year age intervals. Calculations show that in 2012 the total value of the human capital in Russia amounted to 768.7 trillion rubles if counted using M.M. Kritsliy' method and 504.6 trillion rubles using OECD method. In real terms, growth in comparison with 2007 was 40 percent using the first method 10 percent using OECD method. The comparison of the estimates on the value of Russia's human capital by age groups showed that the younger ages are ‘richer' than those in older age groups. Comparison of macro characteristics of the Russian economy showed that the gross stock of human capital at times exceeds the GDP and the stock of physical capital. The study revealed cross-country differences in the cost of and the level of equipment with human capital in Russia and the United States. Keywords: human capital, Russia, dynamics, age groups, cross-country comparisons JEL Classifications: O15; R1

Esrrb Is a Direct Nanog Target Gene that Can Substitute for Nanog Function in Pluripotent Cells

SummaryEmbryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal efficiency is determined by the level of Nanog expression. However, the mechanisms by which Nanog functions remain unclear, and in particular, direct Nanog target genes are uncharacterized. Here we investigate ESCs expressing different Nanog levels and Nanog−/− cells with distinct functionally inducible Nanog proteins to identify Nanog-responsive genes. Surprisingly, these constitute a minor fraction of genes that Nanog binds. Prominent among Nanog-reponsive genes is Estrogen-related receptor b (Esrrb). Nanog binds directly to Esrrb, enhances binding of RNAPolII, and stimulates Esrrb transcription. Overexpression of Esrrb in ESCs maintains cytokine-independent self-renewal and pluripotency. Remarkably, this activity is retained in Nanog−/− ESCs. Moreover, Esrrb can reprogram Nanog−/− EpiSCs and can rescue stalled reprogramming in Nanog−/− pre-iPSCs. Finally, Esrrb deletion abolishes the defining ability of Nanog to confer LIF-independent ESC self-renewal. These findings are consistent with the functional placement of Esrrb downstream of Nanog

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Statistical analysis of the integration activity of industrial enterprises as a basis for development of Russian regions

The article investigates the integration activity of industrial structures in the regions of Russia. The monitoring of the current legal system of the Russian Federation carried out in the area of statistics and compiling statistical databases on mergers and acquisitions showed the absence of formal executive authority dealing with the compiling collections of information on the integration activity at the regional level. In this connection, the data of Russian information and analytical agencies made the information research base. As research tools we used methods of analysis of structural changes, methods of analysis of economic differentiation and concentration, methods of non-parametric statistics. The article shows the close relationship between social and economic development of the subjects of Russia and integrated business structures functioning on its territory. An investigation of the integration activity structure and dynamics in the subjects of the Russian Federation based on statistical data revealed the increasing heterogeneity of the integration activity of business structures in the regions of Russia. The research results are of practical importance, since they can be used to improve existing federal programs aimed at evening-out disproportions in the social and economic development of Russian regions

Statistical analysis of the integration activity of industrial enterprises as a basis for development of Russian regions

The article investigates the integration activity of industrial structures in the regions of Russia. The monitoring of the current legal system of the Russian Federation carried out in the area of statistics and compiling statistical databases on mergers and acquisitions showed the absence of formal executive authority dealing with the compiling collections of information on the integration activity at the regional level. In this connection, the data of Russian information and analytical agencies made the information research base. As research tools we used methods of analysis of structural changes, methods of analysis of economic differentiation and concentration, methods of non-parametric statistics. The article shows the close relationship between social and economic development of the subjects of Russia and integrated business structures functioning on its territory. An investigation of the integration activity structure and dynamics in the subjects of the Russian Federation based on statistical data revealed the increasing heterogeneity of the integration activity of business structures in the regions of Russia. The research results are of practical importance, since they can be used to improve existing federal programs aimed at evening-out disproportions in the social and economic development of Russian regions

Mathematical Modelling of the Price Range in the Procurement of Ferrous Scrap by Metallurgical Enterprises

For metallurgical enterprises, it is important to understand the limits of the most probable values of prices and geographical area for procurement of ferrous scrap in the regions. In order to define the maximal scrap prices in the regions, the authors have developed a mathematical model of “auction purchases”. This model equally assesses price competition between scrap consumers. When setting the price, we consider the territorial imbalances between scrap supply and demand in the regions; costs for scrap transportation from supplier to consumer; price level for scrap in the “windows for exports”. We calculate the lowest price according to the “export parity”. The results of the calculations allow evaluating a range of regional prices and interregional flows of scrap. This approach is unnown in the published works of Russian and foreign researchers. For calculations, we have developed a special software. The following initial data were used: data on railroad transportation of ferrous scrap in the Russian Federation provided by JSC Russian Railways; handbooks of railway tariffs 10–01 between railway stations of the Russian Federation; statistical data on prices of 3A metal scrap in the “windows for exports”. The article presents the formal structure of the model of “auction procurement”, the algorithm of its implementation and the results of calculations. The price level calculated according to the model of “auction procurement” can be used in management practice as potentially highest level of price, which can be reached in the conditions of competition between consumers of scrap in a situation when the negotiations are impossible. The proposed mathematical model allows a metallurgical enterprise to prove and implement a differentiated approach to the formation of regional prices of scrap, and to define regions for scrap purchasing