Uloga i značaj televizijskog programa u obrazovanju dece i mladih

Television has been integrated into the everyday life of people and therefore the question on whether it should be studied is not posed; instead, we the question is whether we are allowed to neglect studying it as a phenomenon. It is difficult to isolate one segment onto which television exercises influence, such as it has been attempted here by studying the influence of television programme on education of young people, since television is influencing all segments of life, as much as education is dependant on a number of factors. The theoretical part of the paper is based on studying television as a phenomenon which plays multiple roles in lives of children and young people, within their family circles, social life and free time activities. An analysis has been performed of the programme offer of all mass media, especially those of television broadcasters in Serbia, while the empirical part will provide an insight into the choices young people, their parents and their teachers are making. The age group has been pointed out as an important category, because changes of relationships between television and children are conditioned by the development of cognitive, emotional and behavioural abilities of children, as well as by their increasing experience of real life. The deliberate stratified sample in the empirical part of the paper consisted of 7th and 8th graders of elementary schools and 3rd and 4th grade students of secondary schools, as well as their teachers and parents from the territory of Vojvodina, precisely from the following cities: Vršac, Pančevo, Zrenjanin, Kikinda and Novi Sad. A total of 1,688 respondents were supposed to provide information on the influence of television programmes in Serbia on the education of adolescents, and also on their value system and all other segments of life. The questionnaires distributed to particular children and parents had codes, based on which it was possible to compare their answers. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used on the occasion of testing the difference between children’s and their parents’ answers. The key question on whether television should play an important role in education of children and young people, was posed to the teachers and a large percentage of them answered it positively – 49.33 % of the respondents agreed with that statement, while 34.53% had a neutral opinion on this question. The other two groups – parents and children, had a predominantly neutral attitude regarding this issue. Asked in what disciplines television improved the students’ education in comparison with the school, the students indicated the following: foreign languages, music, history and geography. An important feature of the answers was the scattered distribution of children’s and parents’ answers when it came to a choice of television programmes; the answers were ‘crumbled’ – a huge array of TV models or massive absence of favourite TV programmes and models. Elevating media literacy in children and parents, and in children and teachers surfaces as a solution which, through reinforcing their main strongholds of media literacy – personal status, available knowledge and skills, could lead to such a choice of media messages, which would be in harmony with their goals and wishes in life, properly selected and with positive effects on them

Fish Monitoring in Kornati National Park: Baited, Remote, Underwater Video (BRUV) Versus Trammel Net Sampling

We evaluated (1) the suitability of two alternative methods for fish monitoring: trammel net sampling and BRUV (Baited Remote Underwater Video), and (2) the potential to cross-calibrate the methods based on a set of shared species with high catch probabilities. A statistical power analysis concluded that BRUV can be conducted with sufficient sample size to perceive small changes in fish populations with high power, and therefore can be used as a sentinel monitoring method. We found that fish species detected by both methods amounted to almost a third of the number of species in each method’s catch, and that 90% of these species are candidates for cross-calibration. 74% of the species at BRUV and 50% at trammel had occurrence probabilities above 10%, a reasonable threshold allowing stock assessment of these species. The sampled and predicted total species richness, extrapolated from the species accumulation curves, were almost identical across methods. We conclude that cross-calibrating the two methods and eventual replacement of the trammel method with non-destructive BRUV is feasible. The most effective areas of improvement are increased BRUV night-sampling effort and increased total sampling size to increase the statistical power of BRUV as a monitoring tool. This work has been supported under the Croatian Science Foundation under the project COREBIO (3107)

Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis as Potential Functional Starter Culture

Svrha je ovoga istraživanja bila identificirati i okarakterizirati potencijalne autohtone funkcionalne starter kulture izolirane iz domaće kobasice proizvedene od konjskog mesa. Dominantnu su mikrofloru u uzorcima kobasica činile bakterije mliječne kiseline (BMK), a zatim mikrokoki. Od bakterija mliječne kiseline prevladavale su vrste Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis i Lactobacillus plantarum. Vrsta Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis nije uobičajena u fermentiranim kobasicama, pa smo ju okarakterizirali kao potencijalnu funkcionalnu starter kulturu. Vrsta Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis proizvela je značajnu količinu mliječne kiseline, a uspješno je rasla pri 12, 18 i 22 ºC, te u prisutnosti 5 % NaCl. Također je dobro podnijela liofilizaciju i simulirane uvjete želučanog soka i soka tankog crijeva. Osim toga, uspješno je suzbila rast patogena i pokazala je dobra adhezijska svojstva in vitro.The aim of this study is to identify and characterise potential autochthonous functional starter cultures in homemade horsemeat sausage. The dominant microflora in the samples of horsemeat sausage were lactic acid bacteria (LAB), followed by micrococci. Among the LAB, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum were the dominant species, and since the first is not common in fermented sausages, we characterised it as a potential functional starter culture. Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis produced a significant amount of lactic acid, displayed good growth capability at 12, 18 and 22 °C, growth in the presence of 5 % NaCl, good viability after lyophilisation and in simulated gastric and small intestinal juice, antimicrobial activity against test pathogens, and good adhesive properties in vitro

Testing the adhesion and colonization ability of Lactobacillus plantarum strain S1 to the mice intestinal epithelium

Intestinal diseases are often the consequence of a myriad factors which disturb the complex ecosystem of the gastrointestinal system. For that reason, great attention is dedicated to the use of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics. When choosing the strains for probiotic use, one of the important criteria is the ability of adhesion and binding to the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the possibility of adhesion and colonization of Lactobacillus plantarum strain S1 to gastrointestinal system of mice. At the same time the influence of L. plantarum S1 on composition of intestinal microflora of mice was examined. To test the in vitro adhesion properties, bacteria were added to freshly prepared tissue of the BALB/c mice small intestine. Mice were fed with L. plantarum strain S1 for 5 consecutive days. The result showed that L. plantarum strain S1 have good adhesion ability, in vitro and in vivo. The examined strain of L. plantarum successfully colonize the gastrointestinal system of mice and it showed a positive effect on the intestinal microflora, reducing the number of enterobacteria and clostridia. In conclusion, L. plantarum strain S1 shows good properties of adhesion and colonization of the gastrointestinal system of mice and for that reasons could be used as a probiotic strain

Testing the adhesion and colonization ability of Lactobacillus plantarum strain S1 to the mice intestinal epithelium

Intestinal diseases are often the consequence of a myriad factors which disturb the complex ecosystem of the gastrointestinal system. For that reason, great attention is dedicated to the use of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics. When choosing the strains for probiotic use, one of the important criteria is the ability of adhesion and binding to the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the possibility of adhesion and colonization of Lactobacillus plantarum strain S1 to gastrointestinal system of mice. At the same time the influence of L. plantarum S1 on composition of intestinal microflora of mice was examined. To test the in vitro adhesion properties, bacteria were added to freshly prepared tissue of the BALB/c mice small intestine. Mice were fed with L. plantarum strain S1 for 5 consecutive days. The result showed that L. plantarum strain S1 have good adhesion ability, in vitro and in vivo. The examined strain of L. plantarum successfully colonize the gastrointestinal system of mice and it showed a positive effect on the intestinal microflora, reducing the number of enterobacteria and clostridia. In conclusion, L. plantarum strain S1 shows good properties of adhesion and colonization of the gastrointestinal system of mice and for that reasons could be used as a probiotic strain

Biološka detoksifikacija mikotoksina: dosadašnje spoznaje i budući aspekti

Mikotoksini predstavljaju toksične tvari koje učestalo kontaminiraju hranu i hranu za životinje, uzrokujući štetne učinke na zdravlje ljudi i životinja te značajne ekonomske gubitke diljem svijeta. Ovaj rad daje pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja i spoznaja o metodama biološke detoksifikacije mikotoksina. Biološka detoksifikacija podrazumijeva primjenu mikroorganizama i njihovih enzima s ciljem razgradnje ili modifikacije strukture mikotoksina, a rezultira transformacijom izvornih spojeva i nastankom manje toksičnih produkata, odnosno dekontaminacijom mikotoksina. Međutim, dosadašnja istraživanja i dobivene spoznaje još uvijek nisu rezultirale primjenom u prehrambenoj i stočarskoj industriji odnosno odobravanjem njihove uporabe od strane zakonodavstva. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja o mehanizmima biorazgradnje, sigurnosti mikroorganizama, odnosno utjecaju primjene bioloških metoda na nutritivna svojstva i nastale produkte degradacije, kako bi metode biološke detoksifikacije mikotoksina mogle biti učinkovito primjenjene u industriji

Finding of citrinin in maize from Croatian family farms over a five-year period

Mikotoksini učestalo kontaminiraju i hranu ljudi i hranu za životinje, ponajprije žitarice i proizvode na bazi žitarica. Citrinin je mikotoksin kojeg sintetiziraju pojedine plijesni iz roda Penicillium, Aspergillus i Monascus, među kojima ga najviše sintetizira P. citrinum. S obzirom na nedostatnost podataka o razinama citrinina u žitaricama, u okviru ovog istraživanja analizirane se njegove koncentracije u kukuruzu (n=158) s obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava u Hrvatskoj tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja (2017.-2021.). Tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja citrinin je detektiran u 25,3 % uzoraka kukuruza prikupljenih na području cijele Hrvatske. Najveća prosječna koncentracija utvrđena je 2016. godine (162,9±162,0 μg/ kg) te 2020. godine (154,9±358,8 μg/kg), a najveća koncentracija od 968,6 μg/kg određenajeu2020.godiniuuzorkukukuruza uzorkovanom na području južne regije Hrvatske.Sobziromnautvrđenuznačajniju kontaminaciju pojedinih uzoraka, može se zaključiti o nužnosti sustavnog nadzora citrinina u hrani za ljude i u hrani za životinje, kao i definiranju najvećih dopuštenih količina ovog mikotoksina u okviru zakonodavstva.Mycotoxins frequently contaminate food and animal feed, primarily cereals and cereal-based products. Citrinin is a mycotoxin synthesized by several moulds from the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Monascus, including P. citrinum as the most significant producer. Given the lack of data on the levels of citrinin in cereals, its concentration in maize (n=158) from family farms in Croatia was analysed over a five-year period (2017- 2021). Citrinin was detected in 25.3% of maize samples collected from throughout Croatia during the five-year period. The highest average concentrations were established in 2016 (162.9±162.0 μg/kg) and in 2020 (154.9±358.8 μg/kg), and the maximum concentration of 968.6 μg/kg was determined in 2020 in maize sampled from the southern region. Given the established significant contamination of certain samples, it can be concluded that there is a need for systematic control of citrinin in food and feed, and to stipulate the maximum permitted limits of this mycotoxin in the legislation

Toksični učinci mikotoksina: Mehanizam djelovanja i mikotoksikoze

Mikotoksini predstavljaju prirodne toksine koji učestalo kontaminiraju hranu i hranu za životinje, a primarno ih sintetiziraju plijesni iz rodova Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria i Claviceps. Ove tvari predstavljaju vrlo stabilne spojeve, otporne na različite uvjete proizvodnje, prerade i skladištenja hrane. Mikotoksini mogu prouzročiti niz štetnih učinaka po zdravlje ljudi i životinja, tzv. mikotoksikoze, uključujući karcinogenost, mutagenost, genotoksičnost, imunotoksičnost, neurotoksičnost, hepatotoksičnost, nefrotoksičnost, te druge, pri čemu često istovremeno djeluju na više ciljnih mjesta u organizmu, u ovisnosti o toksičnosti samog mikotoksina te dozi i vremenu izloženosti. Za veliki broj mikotoksina još uvijek nema dovoljno dokaza o njihovim štetnim učincima na ljudsko zdravlje, ali se temeljem utvrđene osjetljivosti različitih životinjskih vrsta pretpostavlja da i u ljudi mogu izazvati slična djelovanja. Ujedno, za većinu mikotoksina koji se učestalo zajednički pojavljuju u hrani i hrani za životinje nisu razjašnjeni njihovi učinci u organizmu koji mogu varirati od antagonističkih do sinergističkih. Ovaj rad daje pregled mehanizama djelovanja mikotoksina od najvećeg javnozdravstvenog značaja i njihovih toksičnih učinaka u organizmu

Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic e(+/-)p cross sections

19 pages, 20 figuresInternational audience[Background] The electromagnetic form factors of the proton measured by unpolarized and polarized electron scattering experiments show a significant disagreement that grows with the squared four momentum transfer ($Q^{2}$). Calculations have shown that the two measurements can be largely reconciled by accounting for the contributions of two-photon exchange (TPE). TPE effects are not typically included in the standard set of radiative corrections since theoretical calculations of the TPE effects are highly model dependent, and, until recently, no direct evidence of significant TPE effects has been observed. [Purpose] We measured the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton elastic-scattering cross sections in order to determine the TPE contribution to elastic electron-proton scattering and thereby resolve the proton electric form factor discrepancy. [Methods] We produced a mixed simultaneous electron-positron beam in Jefferson Lab's Hall B by passing the 5.6 GeV primary electron beam through a radiator to produce a bremsstrahlung photon beam and then passing the photon beam through a convertor to produce electron/positron pairs. The mixed electron-positron (lepton) beam with useful energies from approximately 0.85 to 3.5 GeV then struck a 30-cm long liquid hydrogen (LH$_2$) target located within the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS). By detecting both the scattered leptons and the recoiling protons we identified and reconstructed elastic scattering events and determined the incident lepton energy. A detailed description of the experiment is presented