ULOGA POVEZANOG KREDITIRANJA U FINANCIRANJU SME U KRIZNIM RAZDOBLJIMA : Diplomski rad

Povezano kreditiranje je jedan od načina eksternog financiranja, osobito značajan za mala i srednja poduzeća koja teško dolaze do financijskih sredstava. U brojnim europskim zemljama javlja se krajem 80-ih godina prošlog stoljeća pod pojmom relationship lending dok je u Hrvatskoj povezano kreditiranje relativno nov termin. Komercijalne banke ovdje se javljaju kao kreditori koji s SME uspostavljaju dugoročne, stabilne i bliske odnose. Svrha ovog rada bila je istražiti kakav učinak povezano kreditiranje ima na poduzeća u vremenima krize, te jesu li takva poduzeća više osjetila krizu i pad ponude kredita od ostalih poduzeća koja nemaju ovakav odnos s bankama. Rezultati teorijskog i empirijskog istraživanja prezentiranog u ovom radu su potvrdili značaj poveznog kreditiranja za SME poduzeća, osobito u kriznim vremenima.Relationship lending is one of the ways of external financing; especially typical and significant for SME's who may find it hard to get secure funds. It appears in most European countries at the end of 1980s under the exact name ''relationship lending''. In Croatia, however, this term is almost brand-new. Commercial banks here appear as creditors with SMEs establishing long-term, stable and close relationships. The main purpose of this work was to explore the significance of relationship lending on SME's during the period of global economic crisis and to explore whether or not those enterprises felt the repercussions of crisis and downfall of offer rate more than those enterprise that do not have such relations with banks

ULOGA POVEZANOG KREDITIRANJA U FINANCIRANJU SME U KRIZNIM RAZDOBLJIMA : Diplomski rad

Povezano kreditiranje je jedan od načina eksternog financiranja, osobito značajan za mala i srednja poduzeća koja teško dolaze do financijskih sredstava. U brojnim europskim zemljama javlja se krajem 80-ih godina prošlog stoljeća pod pojmom relationship lending dok je u Hrvatskoj povezano kreditiranje relativno nov termin. Komercijalne banke ovdje se javljaju kao kreditori koji s SME uspostavljaju dugoročne, stabilne i bliske odnose. Svrha ovog rada bila je istražiti kakav učinak povezano kreditiranje ima na poduzeća u vremenima krize, te jesu li takva poduzeća više osjetila krizu i pad ponude kredita od ostalih poduzeća koja nemaju ovakav odnos s bankama. Rezultati teorijskog i empirijskog istraživanja prezentiranog u ovom radu su potvrdili značaj poveznog kreditiranja za SME poduzeća, osobito u kriznim vremenima.Relationship lending is one of the ways of external financing; especially typical and significant for SME's who may find it hard to get secure funds. It appears in most European countries at the end of 1980s under the exact name ''relationship lending''. In Croatia, however, this term is almost brand-new. Commercial banks here appear as creditors with SMEs establishing long-term, stable and close relationships. The main purpose of this work was to explore the significance of relationship lending on SME's during the period of global economic crisis and to explore whether or not those enterprises felt the repercussions of crisis and downfall of offer rate more than those enterprise that do not have such relations with banks

Development of a Hybrid Agile Management Model in Local Self-Government Units

Local self-government units (LSGUs) often view project management as an accompanying activity not really giving it the appropriate level of importance. Challenges of traditional project management where the projects are segmented into discrete paths each dependent on the completion of the previous phase but without feedback or iteration can be overwhelming in a rigid governmental organizational structures. Such could be avoided by changing the way the projects are managed and/or changing the organizational structure. In both cases agile approach can be helpful. However, a priori implementation can cause more damage than good. It is the thinking behind the Agile principles that would adapt to the needs and particularities of the work environment it is implemented in, especially in light of the variety of activities of government bodies. The proposed model, Hybrid Agile Model, aims at defining a new, flexible, management structure for local self-government units, based on the development of human resources and constant change of culture, never neglecting the regular activities of such bodies, and all while making them more reliable and effective. The model has been described in detail along with the implementation process that has been tested on LSGU City of Poreč

Isolation, identification and molecular characterization of causative agent of bovine tuberculosis in Vojvodina region

Cilј istraživanja bio je da se izvrši izolacija, identifikacija i molekularna karakterizacija, uzročnika tuberkuloze goveda u Vojvodini, kao i ispitivanje osetlјivosti izolovanih sojeva na odabrane antituberkulozne antibiotike koji se koriste za terapiju tuberkuloze lјudi u našoj zemlјi. Pored toga cilj istraživanja bilo je i uporedno ispitivanje osetlјivosti i specifičnosti γ-IFN testa u dijagnostici tuberkuloze sa klasičnim mikrobiološkim metodama izolacije i identifikacije uzročnika. Konačno, na osnovu ispitivanja raširenosti, incidencije i prevalencije oboljenja u zapatima cilj je bila i izrada aktuelne epizootiološke karte raširenosti tuberkuloze goveda u Vojvodini. Za izolaciju bakterija MTB-kompleksa korišćeni su uzorci tkiva (pluća i limfni čvorovi) 49 goveda koja su prilikom izvođenja komparativnog tuberkulinskog ili γ-IFN testa imala pozitivnu reakciju. Kod 40 od ovih grla prilikom patomorfološkog pregleda na liniji klanja, bile su ustanovljene promene koje mogu ukazivati na tuberkulozu. Bakterije MTB-kompleksa uspešno su izolovane iz uzoraka tkiva 19 goveda, dok je nalaz acidorezistentnih bakterija ustanovljen direktnom mikroskopijom u uzorcima limfnih čvorova kod još 3 grla, ali izolacija nije uspela usled kontaminacije. Na osnovu klasičnih bakterioloških metoda, izgleda i rasta kolonija, kao i primenom standardnih biohemijskih testova identifikacije, svi izolati su tipizovani u vrstu M. bovis. Na osetljivost prema izoniazidu, streptomicinu, etambutolu i rifampicinu, antituberkuloticima prve linije koji se u našoj zemlji koriste za lečenje ljudi obolelih od tuberkuloze, standardnom metodom proporcija, ispitano je 5 reprezentativnih izolata. Izolati su bili poreklom od goveda iz pet različitih zapata lociranih u naseljima na teritoriji 5 opština, od kojih su 4 u Južnobačkom i 1 u Sremskom okrugu. Ustanovljena je osetljivost izolata na sve ispitivane antituberkulotike, odnosno ni u jednom slučaju nije utvrđena pojava rezistencije. Metodom PCR spoligotipizacije u cilju molekularne karakterizacije i genotipizacije bakterija M.tuberculosis kompleksa ispitano je 18 izolata mikobakterija kod kojih je proces ekstrakcije DNK bio uspešan. Rezultati molekularne karakterizacije odnosno spoligotipizacije izolovanih mikobakterija pokazuju odsustvo spejsera 1 i niza spejsera od 3 sve do 16, kao i spejsera 28 što je karakteristično za Mycobacterium caprae...The aim of this research was isolation, genotyping and molecular characterization of the causative agent of cattle tuberculosis in the province of Vojvodina, as well as evaluation of susceptibility for isolated zoonotic MTB-complex bacteria towards a panel of selected anti-tuberculosis drugs used in tuberculosis treatment for humans in our country. Additionally, the goal of the research was to estimate sensitivity of γ-IFN test for tuberculosis diagnosis in cattle compared to standard microbiological methods of the isolation or histopathological identification of lesions. Finally, based on the animal incidence and herd prevalence per year, the objective was to create the actual epizootiological map of disease occurrence in Vojvodina province. For the isolation of MTB-complex bacteria tissue samples (lung and lymph nodes) from 49 test positive cattle on single comparative tuberculin test were used. During the post mortem examination at the abattoir, visible lesions were present in 40 animals. MTB-complex bacteria were successfully isolated from the pathological material of 19 bovines, while direct microscopic examination of lymph node smears yielded positive result for acid fast bacteria, in additional three animals, but the isolation failed due to contamination or other reasons. Based on the classic bacteriological methods, growth characteristics, colony morphology and biochemical tests all isolates were designated as M. bovis species. PCR-based spoligotyping, was performed on 18 MTB-complex isolates following successful DNA extraction, and a single spoligotype pattern was identified. The results of the molecular characterization, revealed the absence of spacer 1, spacer region 3-16, as well as spacer 28, in all isolates, a characteristic pattern for Mycobacterium caprae. The absence of spacer 28 and spacer region 39-43 suggests that all isolates belong to single cluster. Automated analysis of the binary code of the submitted spoligotype patterns in two largest online databases came out with identifier number SB 0418 and ST 647 respectively, which represents the predominant Mycobacterium caprae cluster in Central-European countries..

AGILE ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL FOR MANAGING LOCAL GOVERNMENT PROJECTS

Local self-government units often consider project management as an accompanying activity and therefore do not accord it the appropriate level of importance. The term “agile” refers to a series of methods developed for more flexible project management. Thus, the background of an agile concept and its content are presented in this paper. Furthermore, the concept is compared with traditional project management methodologies. However, a priori implementation of agile-based model in an unrealistic solution can cause more damage than good. Hence, this paper proposes an agile-based matrix organizational model that adapts to the needs and particularities of the work environment in which it implemented, especially the various activities of government bodies. The model will define a new and flexible management structure for local self-government units based on the development of human resources, constant change of culture, and regular activities of government bodies, thereby improving their reliability and effectiveness

Kvaliteta života povezana sa zdravljem u bolesnika s primarnim glaukomom otvorenog kuta

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the relationship between general health-related quality of life (GHRQL) and sociodemographic factors in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. A prospective cross-sectional study included 207 glaucoma patients. GHRQL was determined via two self-administered questionnaires: the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) and the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) questionnaire. Male and 50- to 69-year-old glaucoma patients, followed by patients who regularly used antiglaucoma therapy and those without progression of glaucoma reported a significantly higher quality of life as measured by the EQ-5D index and the EQ-5D visual analog scale (VAS) (p<0.05 all). Similarly, the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) of SF-36 had significantly higher values for these patients (p<0.05 all). Furthermore, glaucoma patients with higher education and economic status, glaucoma patients who lived in rural areas, and those who were married achieved higher scores on EQ-5D and SF-36. In conclusion, progression of the disease, female sex, older age, lower education and economic status, urban area and unmarried status negatively affect quality of life in glaucoma patients.Svrha ovoga istraživanja bila je utvrditi odnos između kvalitete života povezane s općim zdravljem (GHRQL) i sociodemografskih čimbenika u bolesnika s primarnim glaukomom otvorenog kuta (POAG). Riječ je o presječnoj studiji u kojoj je sudjelovalo 207 bolesnika s POAG. GHRQL mjerena je pomoću dva upitnika: kratkog upitnika zdravstvenog statusa s 36 pitanja (SF-36) i upitnika EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D). Muškarci i bolesnici s glaukomom u dobi od 50-69 godina, zatim bolesnici koji su redovito koristili antiglaukomsku terapiju i oni bez progresije glaukoma izvijestili su o znatno višoj kvaliteti života mjerenoj indeksom EQ-5D i vizualnom analognom ljestvicom EQ-5D (VAS) (p<0,05 za sve usporedbe). Slično tome, Sažetak fizičkih komponenata (PCS) i Sažetak mentalnih komponenata (MCS) upitnika SF-36 imali su značajno veće vrijednosti za ove bolesnike (p<0,05 za sve usporedbe). Nadalje, ispitanici s visokim stupnjem obrazovanja i ekonomskim statusom, ispitanici koji žive u ruralnim područjima i oni koji su u braku postigli su veće rezultate na EQ-5D i SF-36. Zaključno, napredovanje bolesti, ženski spol, starija životna dob, niži stupanj obrazovanja i ekonomski status, urbano područje življenja i samoća negativno utječu na kvalitetu života bolesnika s glaukomom

Pathways for transfer and spreading of Aujeszky’s disease to carnivora

Aujeszky’s disease (Morbus Aujeszky) is an acute viral contagious disease occurring in a large number of domestic and wild animals. This epizootiological disease has been present in our country for quite some time now, and it has been increasingly frequently diagnosed in carnivora in the recent years. The objective of the investigations was to determine and establish the pathways for the transfer and the manner of spreading of the MA virus to carnivora. Epizootiological data on the appearance of MA, collected in the field, as well as an epizootiological report by the Serbian Ministry of Agriculture and of the Federal Ministry for Agriculture were used as material. Detailed epizootiological, clinical, pathomorphological, and laboratory analyses were performed in five critical spots for MA registered in the territory of Vojvodina province. We established the following pathways for the spread of the MA viral infection to carnivora: the consumption of thermally unprocessed swine carcasses, the consumption of thermally unprocessed pork originating from butcher shops or from regular slaughter on private farms, the consumption of viscera from emergency slaughtered sheep, cohabitation and contact with infected swine, and vaccination using a live vaccine contaminated with the MA virus

Dermatomycosis: A potential source of zoonotic infection in cities

Skin infections in animals and humans represent a complex syndrome that is, from etiological point of view, often hard to solve. Skin is one of the largest organs and plays an important role in the organism of mammals. Depending on the age, it presents 5-8% of total body mass in humans, 12% of adult animals, and even up to 24% in newly born animals. The population of pets and stray dogs in cities provides a possibility for contacts between animals and/or humans, which is a mode of transmission for some diseases. Fungal diseases in dogs caused by dermatophyte are zoonosis, contagious infections that affect dogs and cats, but also other animals, as well as humans. There has been an overall increase in the number of the cases caused by anthropophilic fungi from the strain of Microsporum spp. and Trichophyton spp. Our research was related to animals with different changes on skin manifested by hairless surfaces, dandruff, red skin and extensive pruritus. The objective of our examination was the analyses of scarified samples and swob from canine skin with the aim to determine whether the changes were caused by dermatophytosis. Our aim was to point out the possibility of transmission of mycotic infections from animals to humans in households. For this mycological examination swobs and skin scarifications from dogs, were used. The samples were streaked on Sabo and dextrose agar and incubated at 25°C for at least 21 days. In one year period 81 samples were collected out of which 11 (13.58%) were positive for dermatophyte. In all samples Microsporum canis was isolated. The findings of Microsporum canis in 13.58% of the examined samples indicate the importance of mycological skin disorder in pets. Having in mind that this is a zoonosis, the findings point to a possibility of exposing the humans to fungal infection, affecting almost all pet owners, especially in urban environment

UTJECAJ VJEŽBANJA I RAZINE OSPOSOBLJENOSTI NA MIKROCIRKULACIJU RETINE

Aim: To examine differences in retinal microcirculation between people with different degrees of physical fi tness. Methods: The subjects were divided into athletes and non-athletes. Both groups took part in two examinations. The fi rst examination was performed before short-term exercise and the second one immediately after it. First group consisted of 25 athletes (50 eyes), and the second group of 25 non-athletes (50 eyes) who were not previously exposed to acute physical stress. Athletes are defi ned as people who have been engaged in some form of regular physical activity for at least 5 years, and have met certain criteria according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Non-athletes were those who were physically inactive or at least not regularly engaged in physical activity during the same period and did not meet the IPAQ criteria. The subjects were men and women between 18 and 26 years of age who did not have any cardiovascular disease, used drugs affecting the cardiovascular system, nor had an eye disease or a refractive error greater than spherical equivalent of +/-3 diopters. The examination consisted of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) imaging pre- and post-workout. The parameters taken into account were vascular density (VD) at three different macular areas according to the standard Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid, i.e., central zone, inner zone and full area; perfusion density (PD), also at the three mentioned zones; and the area of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in both eyes. The research also included a standardized survey on physical activity of the subjects (IPAQ), which was completed before the examination. The acute physical exercise consisted of the standardized incremental cycling ergometer test (ICET), which was performed on a stationary exercise bike for 5 minutes, at a given load of 12 degrees. On statistical processing of the data obtained, SPSS for Windows (version 13.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) software was used. Results: Baseline measures of VD and PD were similar between the groups. FAZ surface was signifi cantly increased in the athlete group compared with non-athletes both at baseline and after short-term exercise. VD was signifi cantly higher in athletes post-exercise compared with the non-athlete group. Central PD was also signifi -cantly increased after exercise in the athlete group, and not in the non-athlete group. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study demonstrated that athletes exhibited a more intensive vascular reaction to exercise. The parameters in basal conditions did not show signifi cant difference between the two groups, except for FAZ which was larger in athletes. Signifi cant differences present post-workout in other measured values indicated a more dynamic vascular system in physically active individuals.ilj rada: Ispitati razlike u retinalnoj mikrocirkulaciji između osoba s višim i nižim stupnjem tjelesne osposobljenosti. Postupci: Ispitanici su bili podijeljeni na sportaše i nesportaše. Obje skupine pristupile su dvama odvojenim mjerenjima. Prvi pregled obavljen je prije fi zičkog opterećenja, a drugi neposredno nakon njega. Prvu skupinu činilo je 25 sportaša (50 očiju), a drugu 25 nesportaša (50 očiju) koji prethodno nisu bili izloženi akutnom fi zičkom stresu. Sportaše defi niramo kao osobe koje se najmanje 5 godina bave nekim oblikom redovite tjelesne aktivnosti u obliku treniranja nekog sporta, fi tnesa, aerobnog treninga i sl. te ispunjavaju određene uvjete prema međunarodnom upitniku o tjelesnoj aktivnosti (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ). Neki sportaši nisu bili fi zički aktivni ili barem ne redovito tijekom istog razdoblja i nisu ispunjavali navedene kriterije IPAQ. Ispitanici su bili muškarci i žene u dobi između 18 i 26 godina koji nisu imali nikakvu srčanožilnu bolest, nisu uzimali lijekove koji utječu na srčanožilni sustav niti su imali ikakvu bolest očiju ili refraktivnu grešku veću od sfernog ekvivalenta +/-3 dioptrije. Prikupljanje podataka provedeno je pomoću optičke koherentne tomografske angiografi je (OCT-A). Analizirani su sljedeći parametri: vaskularna gustoća (VG) u tri različita područja makule prema mreži ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study): središnja zona, unutarnja zona i puna zona; perfuzijska gustoća (PG), također u tri navedena područja; te površina fovealne avaskularne zone (FAZ). Istraživanje je uključivalo i standardiziranu anketu o tjelesnoj aktivnosti ispitanika (IPAQ) koja se ispunjavala prije samog pregleda. Fizičko opterećenje sastojalo se od standardiziranog testa ICET (incremental cycling ergometer test), koji se izvodio na stacionarnom sobnom biciklu u trajanju od 5 minuta pri zadanom opterećenju od 12 stupnjeva, nakon čega su ispitanicima izmjereni puls i saturacija. Također, prije same vježbe ispitanicima su izmjerene srčana frekvencija i saturacija u mirovanju. Za statističku obradu dobivenih podataka primijenjen je softverski sustav SPSS for Windows (verzija 13.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, SAD). Rezultati: Mjerenja u bazalnim uvjetima pokazala su slične vrijednosti VGi PG između skupina. Površina FAZ bila je statistički značajno veća u skupini sportaša u usporedbi s nesportašima i u bazalnim uvjetima i nakon tjelovježbe. Nakon tjelovježbe VG i središnji PG pokazali su statistički značajno povećanje u sportaša, dok u nesportaša nije bilo razlike prije i nakon tjelovježbe. Zaključak: Rezultati dobiveni u ovoj studiji pokazali su da sportaši imaju intenzivniju vaskularnu reakciju na vježbanje. Parametri u bazalnim uvjetima nisu pokazali značajnu razliku između dviju skupina osim za FAZ, koja je bila veća u sportaša. Značajne razlike bile su prisutne nakon treninga u drugim izmjerenim vrijednostima i ukazuju na dinamičniji vaskularni sustav u fi zički aktivnih pojedinaca

Analysis of Excavator Work Efficiency by Appyling Chronometry Method

Problemi koje unutar područja organizacije proizvodnje rješava znanstvena disciplina studija rada počeli su se na našim prostorima sustavno rješavati 1960tih godina, a razvoj metoda koje se pritom koriste (npr. kronometraže) traje i danas. Značaj studije rada jest nastojanje racionalizacije organiziranja rada kroz definiranje i praćenje sastavnih elemenata vremena rada s ciljem utvrđivanja normativa koji će vrijediti za radnu operaciju u cjelini. Izračunavanje praktičnih učinaka građevinske mehanizacije je od velike važnosti za utvrđivanje što realnijeg trajanja strojnog rada na gradilištu, a time i veće točnosti predviđanja trajanja cjelokupnog građevinskog projekta. Okosnica ovoga rada je studija i analiza vremena jednog standardnog cikličkog građevinskog stroja u svom jednom tehnološkom postupku. Pritom se promatrala i analizirala radna operacija utovara bagerom u transportno sredstvo. Korištena je povratna metoda kronometraže kojom su se prikupljali podaci na gradilištu s ciljem normiranja rada odnosno utvrđivanja stvarnog učinka rada bagera pri utovaru. Podaci dobiveni mjerenjem su analizirani te je izračunato stvarno vrijeme definiranog tehnološkog postupka i njemu pripadajući normativ. Također, izvršila se usporedba s proračunom praktičnog učinka strojnog rada koji je izračunat pomoću normiranih tablica za proračun učinka standardnog cikličkog građevinskog stroja. Usporedbom su utvrđena odstupanja između izračuna temeljenih na mjerenim podacima i izračunima temeljenim na postojećim tablicama za izračun praktičnog učinka stroja. Analizirana su utvrđena odstupanja kao i razlozi njihova nastanka te su doneseni zaključci s preporukama za ažuriranje postojećih proračunskih tablica.Problems within the area of production organization, which are solved by scientific discipline of the work-study, have begun to be systematically dealt with in our region during 1960s, and method development (such as chronometry) persists today. The significance of the work-study is the attempt to rationalize the work organization through the definition and monitoring of the constituent elements of working time with the aim of establishing the norms that will be valid for the work operation as a whole. The calculation of construction machinery practical effect is of great importance for determining the more realistic duration of machine work on construction site, and thus the more accurate prediction of the whole construction project duration. The main topic of this paper is the time study analysis of a standard cyclic construction machine in its one technological process. At the same time, the work operation of the excavator loading into transportation vehicle has been observed and analyzed. Data were obtained by snapback chronometry method with the purpose of determining work efficiency i.e. defining the actual excavator work efficiency during the operation of loading. The data obtained by measurement were analyzed and the actual time of defined technological process was calculated as well as a corresponding normative. Moreover, a comparison was made with the calculation of excavator practical effect, which was calculated using the standardized tables for the calculation of standard cyclic construction machine. The comparison resulted in differences between these two approaches. The identified deviations were analyzed as well as the reasons for their occurrence and conclusions were drawn resulting in recommendations for updating the existing standardized tables for the calculation