Traditional Land Practice and Forest Conservation: Case Study of the Manggarai Tribe in Ruteng Mountains, Indonesia

Conservation of mountain forests in the tropics will be successful if the interests of local communities to be considered in the management. Indigenous system of forest management for the sustainable use is the most appropriate for better understand to the environmental conditions. This study aimed to analyze the traditional land management by Manggarai communities and integrate them into forest conservation. This research is a qualitative ethnographic approach. Qualitative data in 2014 obtained through observation, interviews, data from relevant agencies and related literature. The results showed that the Manggarai community has been practicing traditional land management and sustainable use zoning system. Indigenous land use practice is done by considering the sustainability and preventing land degradation

Pengetahuan Etnobotani Suku Manggarai dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Hutan di Pegunungan Ruteng

Ruteng mountains are inhabited by the tribe Manggarai. Local community in the mountains of Ruteng have ethnobotany knowledge in utilization forest plant to meet their needs. Loss of traditional knowledge would have negative impacts on forest resources, because the indigenous people would have less knowledge on sustainable ways to manage the existing forest resources so that a research is required to identify the status of traditional knowledge. This study aims to analyze the level of knowledge of ethnobotany, retention rate, and the rate of change of the annual retention on the indigenous people in the Ruteng mountains. The research was conducted in the Kampung Mano, Lerang, and Wae Rebo, Manggarai District within the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur in the period of July-December 2014. Data was obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), semi-structured interviews with 90 respondent, and in-depth interviews. Data obtained were analyzed for the level of ethnobotany knowledge, ethnobotany retention index, and testing the significance of the factors that affect the level of knowledge with Kruskal Wallis test and Man Whitney. The results of the study shows that the Manggarai communities in the Mountains of Ruteng have local knowledge to meet daily needs, especially food, and medicine through the utilization of forest plant. The level of ethnobotany knowledge is high because they use forest plants, practice traditional rituals, and inheritance knowledge. The ethnobotany knowledge of young generation decreased which can give negatif impact to forest conservation

ConservationandHuman Welfare: A Case Study of The Manggarai Tribe in Ruteng Mountains, Indonesia

Ruteng Mountains in Flores Island, Indonesia are inhabited by people from the tribe Manggarai. There are two tropical rain forest, namely the Forest Ruteng and Todo. In the forest Todo, local community granted access to timber to build traditional house while in Ruteng Forest is closed because the status of the area as a conservation area. This study aimed to compare welfare as an indication of the impact of giving the access to local community into the forest

Integrating Local Culture into Forest Conservation: A Case Study of The Manggarai Tribe in Ruteng Mountains, Indonesia

Ruteng Mountains in Indonesia are inhabited by people from the tribe Manggarai. Local culture of Manggarai community has a role to conservation and it needs to be integrated in the conservation of natural resources. Where conservation is defined as the management of the sustainable use of natural resources, the integration of local culture into conservation will open up a space of the emergence of the creativity and innovation in solving problems of forest conservation. This study aims to explore and describe to what extent the culture of Manggarai contributes to conservation activities in the protected areas and the possibility of the culture to be integrated within conservation policy. The study employs a qualitative research through ethnographic approach. The qualitative data in 2014 was obtained through field observation, interviews, data from relevant agencies, and related literature. The study shows that the Manggarai community has practiced conservation values, norms, and tradition since hereditary.  Manggarai culture related to conservation could be integrated into the activities of the protection, preservation, and sustainable use of natural resources.

The Livelihood Challenge of Forest Honey Bee Farmers amidst COVID-19 Pandemic in Mutis, Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected various sectors of the global communities, including those that depend on forests for honey products. Furthermore, the dynamics of production and availability are completely affected by government restrictions. This study focuses on the short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the forestry sector. Specifically, it examines the pandemic effect on forest honey farmers in habitat management, harvesting, marketing, farmer institutions, and livelihoods. The study was conducted on forest honey bee farmers through field observations and structured and in-depth interviews. Data were collected using five variables and 30 indicators in Fatumnasi Subdistrict, South Central Timor Regency and analyzed using descriptive and quantitative analysis. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the socio-cultural and economic utilization of forest honey. Additionally, social restrictions have reduced habitat management performance, farmers institutions and livelihoods, harvesting, and marketing. This has increased pressure on the livelihoods of forest honey bee farmers than before the pandemic. Moreover, it has directly affected their lives and the ability to provide quality forest honey. Therefore, interventions are needed to strengthen marketing and institutional networks to face the changes during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

SPESIES BURUNG DI PINGGIR JALAN RAYA DI KABUPATEN ENDE, NAGEKEO DAN TIMOR TENGAH UTARA, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Birds as bio-indicators of environmental quality for flower pollinators, seed dispersal, and natural control of pests in nature, so they are ecologically important. Bird species play an important role both in the forest and those that can be found on the roadside. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of diversity and density of species on the roadside in the districts of Ende, Nagekeo and Timor Tengah Utara (TTU), Nusa Tenggara Timur Province. The method used in collecting bird data is point count. The results showed that the level of species diversity (H') was classified as moderate. The number of species found in all study areas is 55 species in 26 families. The species density in Ende Regency is 0.76 individuals/ha, Nagekeo 0.942 individuals/ha and TTU 0.098 individuals/ha. The evenness value (E) in the three study areas is more than 0.75, meaning that the community is stable for habitats that support the existence of bird species. The high similarity community (IS) in the districts of Ende and Nagekeo (69%) show that the two areas have almost the same species composition for their location on the same island on Flores Island. In contrast, it was found that Ende-TTU and Nagekeo-TTU had low community similarities because they were on two different islands. Protected bird species found during the research were the  white-bellied sea eagle  (Haliaeetus leucogaster), the asian woollyneck (Ciconia episcopus). Two other protected species found although not in the observation plots were the flores hawk-eagle (Nisaetus floris) and the spotted kestrel (Falco moluccensis). The exotic species found is sooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster). Exotic species can be utilized for utilization activities that are economically as well as ecologically profitable

PENGETAHUAN ETNOBOTANI SUKU MANGGARAI DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN HUTAN DI PEGUNUNGAN RUTENG

Ruteng mountains are inhabited by the tribe Manggarai. Local community in the mountains of Ruteng have ethnobotany knowledge in utilization forest plant to meet their needs. Loss of traditional knowledge would have negative impacts on forest resources, because the indigenous people would have less knowledge on sustainable ways to manage the existing forest resources so that a research is required to identify the status of traditional knowledge. This study aims to analyze the level of knowledge of ethnobotany, retention rate, and the rate of change of the annual retention on the indigenous people in the Ruteng mountains. The research was conducted in the Kampung Mano, Lerang, and Wae Rebo, Manggarai District within the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur in the period of July-December 2014. Data was obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), semi-structured interviews with 90 respondent, and in-depth interviews. Data obtained were analyzed for the level of ethnobotany knowledge, ethnobotany retention index, and testing the significance of the factors that affect the level of knowledge with Kruskal Wallis test and Man Whitney. The results of the study shows that the Manggarai communities in the Mountains of Ruteng have local knowledge to meet daily needs, especially food, and medicine through the utilization of forest plant. The level of ethnobotany knowledge is high because they use forest plants, practice traditional rituals, and inheritance knowledge. The ethnobotany knowledge of young generation decreased which can give negatif impact to forest conservation