Functioning human lung organoids model pulmonary tissue response from carbon nanomaterial exposures

Human lung organoids (HLOs) are increasingly used to model development and infectious diseases, however their ability to recapitulate functional pulmonary tissue response to nanomaterial (NM) exposures has yet to be demonstrated. Here, we established a lung organoid exposure model that utilises microinjection to present NMs into the lumen of organoids. Our model assures efficient, reproducible and controllable exposure of the apical pulmonary epithelium, emulating real-life human exposure scenario. By comparing the impact of two well studied carbon-based NMs, graphene oxide sheets (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), we validated lung organoids as tools for predicting pulmonary NM-driven responses. In agreement with established in vivo data, we demonstrate that MWCNT, but not GO, elicit adverse effects on lung organoids, leading to a pro-fibrotic phenotype. Our findings reveal the capacity and suitability of HLOs for hazard assessment of NMs, aligned with the much sought-out 3Rs (animal research replacement, reduction, refinement) framework

Ocorrência da diarréia viral bovina nas regiões sul do Estado de Minas Gerais e nordeste do Estado de São Paulo

Samples of serum of 376 lactating cows were analyzed for research of antibodies against the virus of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus, through the test of indirect ELISA. The study was accomplished in 10 dairy herds located in the South region of the State of Minas Gerais and Northeast region of the State of São Paulo, between the months of march and june of 2000. In all the herds were found reactor animals and the occurrence in the two regions was proportionally similar. In the South region of the State of Minas Gerais the occurrence was 57,56% and in the Northeast region of the State of São Paulo was 56,49%. Also were analyzed the characteristics of the properties and of the flocks and the largest occurrences were found in the simplest flocks and in properties less technicality.Amostras de soro sangüíneo de 376 vacas lactantes foram analisadas para pesquisa de anticorpos contra o vírus da diarréia viral bovina por meio do teste de ELISA indireto. O estudo foi realizado em 10 propriedades leiteiras localizadas nas regiões sul do Estado de Minas Gerais e nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, entre os meses de março e junho de 2000. Em todas as propriedades foram encontrados animais reagentes e a ocorrência nas duas regiões foi proporcionalmente similar, sendo que na região sul do Estado de Minas Gerais a ocorrência foi de 57,56% e na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo foi de 56,49%. Foram também analisadas as características das propriedades e dos rebanhos, sendo que as maiores ocorrências foram encontradas nos rebanhos mais simples e nas propriedades menos tecnificadas

Depth versus surface: A critical review of subdural and depth electrodes in intracranial electroencephalographic studies

Intracranial electroencephalographic (IEEG) recording, using subdural electrodes (SDEs) and stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG), plays a pivotal role in localizing the epileptogenic zone (EZ). SDEs, employed for superficial cortical seizure foci localization, provide information on two-dimensional seizure onset and propagation. In contrast, SEEG, with its three-dimensional sampling, allows exploration of deep brain structures, sulcal folds, and bihemispheric networks. SEEG offers the advantages of fewer complications, better tolerability, and coverage of sulci. Although both modalities allow electrical stimulation, SDE mapping can tessellate cortical gyri, providing the opportunity for a tailored resection. With SEEG, both superficial gyri and deep sulci can be stimulated, and there is a lower risk of afterdischarges and stimulation-induced seizures. Most systematic reviews and meta-analyses have addressed the comparative effectiveness of SDEs and SEEG in localizing the EZ and achieving seizure freedom, although discrepancies persist in the literature. The combination of SDEs and SEEG could potentially overcome the limitations inherent to each technique individually, better delineating seizure foci. This review describes the strengths and limitations of SDE and SEEG recordings, highlighting their unique indications in seizure localization, as evidenced by recent publications. Addressing controversies in the perceived usefulness of the two techniques offers insights that can aid in selecting the most suitable IEEG in clinical practice

Monitoração de anticorpos neutralizantes para o vírus da rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina em bezerros

The present study was accomplished in a farm in the municipality of Viradouro, in Northeast region of São Paulo State, aiming at monitoring during a period of 8 month the serum neutralizing antibody titers against BHV-1, in calves born from BHV-1 naturally infected or not infected cows. These cows were vaccinated and revaccinated against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) before parturition. The blood serum of 34 calves, separate in four groups, were analysed in this experiment. The results demonstrated that in groups of calves borned from soropositive and unvaccinated cows, the colostral antibodies persisted, in mean, until the calves were 3 months old. Calves borned from vaccinated cows, independent of these cows being infected or not, in general, presented means of antibody titers higher than the means presented by calves from unvaccinated cows. However, not even these antibody titers impeded the calves infection owing to high prevalence of BHV-1 (86.8%) in the locality of the study. The high prevalence of BHV-1 (86.8%) in the locality of the study resulted in the detection of maternal antibodies, by the serum neutralization test, in calves borned from uninfected cows, probably as a result of cows seroconversion in the interval between the screening test and parturition. The high prevalence also led to the infection of the calves from unvaccinated cows after the decline of colostral antibodies.O presente estudo foi realizado em uma fazenda do município de Viradouro, localizada no Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Teve como objetivo monitorar ao longo de 8 meses os títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes para o BHV-1, em bezerros nascidos de vacas que estavam ou não infectadas naturalmente por este vírus e que foram vacinadas e revacinadas contra a Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (IBR) antes do parto. Foram analisados, através do teste de soroneutralização, os soros sangüíneos de 34 bezerros, divididos em quatro grupos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que nos grupos de bezerros nascidos de vacas reagentes e não vacinadas os anticorpos de origem colostral persistiram, em média, até os 3 meses de idade. De modo geral, bezerros nascidos de vacas vacinadas, independentemente de estarem infectadas ou não, apresentaram médias de títulos de anticorpos maiores que as médias demonstradas por bezerros provenientes de vacas não vacinadas. No entanto, devido à elevada prevalência do BHV-1 (86,8%) no local de estudo, mesmo esses títulos de anticorpos não impediram a infecção desses animais. A alta prevalência do BHV-1 resultou na detecção de anticorpos de origem materna em bezerros nascidos de vacas que, inicialmente, não foram reagentes ao teste de soroneutralização, provavelmente como resultado da soroconversão das respectivas mães no intervalo transcorrido entre a triagem e o momento do parto. A alta prevalência observada também ocasionou a infecção dos bezerros, filhos de vacas não vacinadas, após o declínio dos anticorpos de origem colostral

Analgesia Evaluation of 2 NSAID Drugs as Adjuvant in Management of Chronic Temporomandibular Disorders

The aim of this triple-blind full-randomized clinical trial was to quantify analgesia in masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints after occlusal splint therapy associated with the adjuvant administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) isolated or associated with other therapeutic agents. Pain relief was also recorded. Eighteen volunteers who had been suffering from chronic pain in masticatory muscles due to temporomandibular disorders were selected after anamnesis and assessment using RDC/TMD translated to Portuguese. The 3 proposed treatments were NSAID (sodium diclofenac), panacea (sodium diclofenac + carisoprodol + acetaminophen + caffeine), and a placebo. The total treatment duration was 10 days, preceded and succeeded by patients’ pain assessment. A washout interval of 11 days was established between each therapy. All participants received all treatments in different moments, in a full randomized crossover methodology. The assessment of drug therapies was performed using visual analogue scale for pain on palpation followed by 11-point numerical scale to quantify pain during treatment. Statistical analysis has shown that, after 10 days of treatment, all therapies were effective for pain relief. NSAID therapy promoted analgesia on the third day, while placebo only promoted analgesia in the eighth day. It has been concluded that sodium diclofenac used as splint adjuvant therapy, promotes significant analgesia in a shorter time

Clinical Study Analgesia Evaluation of 2 NSAID Drugs as Adjuvant in Management of Chronic Temporomandibular Disorders

The aim of this triple-blind full-randomized clinical trial was to quantify analgesia in masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints after occlusal splint therapy associated with the adjuvant administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) isolated or associated with other therapeutic agents. Pain relief was also recorded. Eighteen volunteers who had been suffering from chronic pain in masticatory muscles due to temporomandibular disorders were selected after anamnesis and assessment using RDC/TMD translated to Portuguese. The 3 proposed treatments were NSAID (sodium diclofenac), panacea (sodium diclofenac + carisoprodol + acetaminophen + caffeine), and a placebo. The total treatment duration was 10 days, preceded and succeeded by patients' pain assessment. A washout interval of 11 days was established between each therapy. All participants received all treatments in different moments, in a full randomized crossover methodology. The assessment of drug therapies was performed using visual analogue scale for pain on palpation followed by 11-point numerical scale to quantify pain during treatment. Statistical analysis has shown that, after 10 days of treatment, all therapies were effective for pain relief. NSAID therapy promoted analgesia on the third day, while placebo only promoted analgesia in the eighth day. It has been concluded that sodium diclofenac used as splint adjuvant therapy, promotes significant analgesia in a shorter time

Pequenas cidades do estuário do rio Amazonas: fluxo econômico, crescimento urbano e as novas velhas urbanidades da pequena cidade de Ponta de Pedras

The intensification of urbanization process in the Amazon in recent decades caused many socio-spatial-environmental modifications. The emergence of cities as an important element within the regional space is one of these changes. Predominantly, these cities are small towns, with less than twenty thousand inhabitants, with infrastructure weak or even no existence of this, their economy are based on transferring of public resources and these cities are deficient in economic activities characterized as urban. In this sense, this paper aims to discuss the urban specificities of small towns of the Estuarine Region of Amazon River and to study the importance and characteristics of these cities in the regional economy, focusing on the city of Ponta de Pedras, located in Para State, Marajo Island.A intensificação do processo de urbanização na Amazônia, verificado nas últimas décadas, causou muitas transformações sócio-espacial-ambientais. Entre estas mudanças está a emergência das cidades como importante elemento dentro do espaço regional. Predominantemente, estas cidades são pequenos aglomerados urbanos, com menos de vinte mil habitantes, com fraca ou nenhuma infra-estrutura, as quais têm como base econômica principal o repasse de recursos públicos e carecem de atividades econômicas caracterizadas como urbanas. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo, tem como objetivo discutir a compreensão das especificidades do urbano nas pequenas cidades do estuário do rio Amazonas e estudar a importância e características dessas cidades na economia Regional, enfocando a cidade de Ponta de Pedras, localizada no estado do Pará, ilha de Marajó