Análisis integral del sistema de trazabilidad de la leche de cabra y oveja en Andalucía

El programa Letra Q es el sistema oficial de información de la Unión Europea que permite el registro e identificación de los agentes, establecimientos y contenedores del sector lácteo para mejora de la trazabilidad de la leche cruda con destino al consumo humano, desde la explotación productora hasta la industria transformadora. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el funcionamiento del programa de la Carta Q en leche cruda de cabra y oveja en el sur de España (Andalucía). Se estudiaron cinco variables de gestión de procesos: estado de la muestra, resultado de la muestra (VA: muestra analizada válida, VI: muestra válida incompleta; ER: muestra en reserva y RE: muestra rechazada), tiempo desde la toma de la muestra hasta la recepción en laboratorio (TTR), tiempo desde la recepción de la muestra hasta su análisis (TRA), tiempo total desde la toma de la muestra hasta análisis (TTA); cuatro variables físico-químicas y bromatológicas: contenido de grasa (G), contenido de proteína (P) y extracto seco magro (ESM), y punto crioscópico (PC); y tres variables higiénico-sanitarias: recuento de células somáticas (RCS), número formador de colonias (NFC) y presencia de inhibidores (PI). En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo sobre un universo de 88.484 muestras de leche de cabra pertenecientes a 628 explotaciones, así como 7.507 muestras de leche de oveja pertenecientes a 53 explotaciones, todas ellas de Andalucía. A continuación, se realizó un análisis de varianza no paramétrica (prueba de Kruskal-Wallis) y una prueba de homogeneidad de medias (prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov) para las variables cualitativas. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de varianza univariable y un análisis de varianza factorial para variables cuantitativas, utilizando el tamaño de la granja y el tipo de raza como factores de variación, así como una prueba de homogeneidad de medias (prueba de Duncan). Finalmente, se desarrolló un análisis multivariante (análisis discriminante canónico y distancias de Mahalanobis). En las muestras de leche de cabra, los resultados evidenciaron VA (53,83±0,002), VI (44,81±0,002), ER (0,64±0,0003), RE (0,71±0,0003%), TT-R (2,09±1,48 días), TR-A (0,37±1,02 días), TT-A (2,46±1,33 días), G (5,12±0,79 g/100g), P (3,70±0,35 g/100g), ESM (9,92±2,07 g/100g), PC (-0,56 ± 0,01ºC), RCS (1981,74±1053,46 x 103 células/mL) NFC (257,08±660,73 x 103 células/mL) y PI (0,18±1x10-4%). En las muestras de leche de oveja, los resultados evidenciaron VA (77,67 ± 0,54), VI (20,65 ± 0,53), ER (1,05 ± 0,01), RE (0,63 ± 0,01%), TT-R (1,27 ± 1,82d), TR-A (1,32 ± 1,67d), TT-A (2,53 ± 1,77d), G (6,98 ± 0,48 g/100g), P (5,40 ± 0,48 g/100g), ESM (12,23 ± 2,71 g/100g), PC (-0,57 ± 0,01ºC), RCS (971,69 ± 764,72 x 103 células/mL) NFC (121,24 ± 280,675 x 103 células/mL) y PI (0,12 ± 0,09%). El análisis comparativo reveló existencia de diferencias significativas en las variables de gestión de procesos para los factores año y tipo de laboratorio, así como también se observaron diferencias para las variables bromatológicas e higiénico-sanitarias entre tamaño de explotación y el tipo de raza. Se concluye que el programa Letra Q contribuye a garantizar la inocuidad alimentaria en los consumidores y constituye una herramienta de gran interés para la gestión y mejora del sector lácteo. Los resultados obtenidos en las variables de gestión de procesos sugieren la existencia de disfunciones en las operaciones de logística en la remisión de las muestras a los laboratorios de análisis, dado elevado valor promedio TT-R, si bien el resto de variables corroboran un funcionamiento del sistema de trazabilidad de leche de cabra (Letra Q) de forma compatible con la normalidad. Las variables bromatológicas muestran un comportamiento consistente con el rango de variación dentro de cada especie, destacando la superioridad de la raza de cabras Murciano-Granadina en la producción de grasa, así como la posible influencia de esta raza en granjas con animales que no son de raza pura. También destaca la supremacía de la raza ovina Merina de Grazalema en la producción de grasas y proteínas. La calidad higiénicosanitaria de la leche se considera satisfactoria, ya que está por debajo de los valores promedio de Andalucía, destacando la superioridad de las granjas medianas y las de la raza de cabra murciano-granadina, considerando el tamaño de la granja y el tipo de raza, respectivamente. Asimismo, se resaltan las fincas medianas con animales de raza pura en ganado ovino. El modelo de gestión de las explotaciones de pequeño tamaño (tipo familiar) basado en el uso de razas puras en cabras está claramente diferenciado del resto de las tipologías del sector productivo teniendo en cuenta los resultados del análisis multivariante, donde se evidencia una posible asociación entre el valor genético de los animales y la tecnificación/profesionalización de explotaciones. Esta misma singularidad se observa también para las explotaciones de ganado ovino de gran tamaño y de raza pura. Se considera correcto el funcionamiento del Programa Letra Q en Andalucía, lo que contribuye a elevar el nivel de seguridad alimentaria en los consumidores, además de ser una herramienta valiosa para mejorar la gestión técnico-económica y la calidad de las explotaciones en el sector productivo.Letra Q program is the official information system of European Union that allows registration and identification of agents, establishments and containers of dairy sector to improve the traceability of raw milk for human consumption from farm to dairy industry. The objetive of this study was to analyze the operation of the Letra Q program in raw goat and sheep milk in southern Spain (Andalusia). Five process management variables were studied: sample status, sample result (VA: analyzed valid sample; VI: incomplete valid sample, ER: sample in reserve,and RE: rejected sample), time from sample collection to laboratory reception (TT-R), time from sample reception to analysis (TR-A), time total from sampling to analysis (TT-A); as well as four bromatological variables: fat content (G), protein content (P) and lean dry extract (ESM), and cryoscopic point (PC); and finally three hygienic-sanitary variables: somatic cell count (RCS), colony forming number (NFC) and inhibitors presence (PI). Firstly, a descriptive statistical analysis on a universe of 88,484 goat milk samples belonging to 628 farms, as well as 7,507 sheep milk simples belonging to 53 farms was performed. Next, a nonparametric variance análisis (Kruskal-Wallis test) and a homogeneity test of means (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) for the qualitative variables was performed. Likewise, a univariate variance analysis and analysis of factorial variance was carried out, using the size of the farm and the type of breed as variation factors, as well as a test of homogeneity of means (Duncan's test). Finally, a multivariate analysis (canonical discriminant analysis and Mahalanobis distances) was developed. The results obtained in goat milk samples showed VA (53,83±0,002), VI (44,81±0,002), ER (0,64±0,0003), RE (0,71±0,0003%), TT-R (2,09±1,48 days), TR-A (0,37±1,02 days), TT-A (2,46±1,33 days), G (5,12±0,79 g/100g), P (3,70±0,35 g/100g), ESM (9,92±2,07 g/100g), PC (-0,56 ± 0,01ºC), RCS (1981,74±1053,46 x 103 células/mL) NFC (257,08±660,73 x 103 células/mL) y PI (0,18±1x10-4%). The results obtained in sheep milk samples showed VA (77.67 ± 0.54), VI (20.65 ± 0.53), ER (1.05 ± 0.01), RE (0.63 ± 0.01%), TT- R (1.27 ± 1.82 days), TR-A (1.32 ± 1.67 days), TT-A (2.53 ± 1.77 days), G (6.98 ± 0.48 g/100g) , P (5.40 ± 0.48 g/100g), ESM (12.23 ± 2.71 g/100g), PC (-0.57 ± 0.01ºC), RCS (971.69 ± 764.72x103) cells/mL) NFC (121.24 ± 280.675x103 cells/mL) and PI (0.12 ± 0.09%). The comparative analysis for qualitative variables revealed significant differences in management variables for factors year and type of laboratory, as well as differences for bromatological and hygienic-sanitary quantitative variables between farm size and breed type. It is concluded that Letter Q program contributes to guarantee food innocuousness in consumers and constitutes a tool of great interest for the management and improvement of information in dairy sector. The results obtained in process management variables suggest existence of malfunctions in logistics operations in samples remission system to the analysis laboratories, given the high average TT-R value, although rest of the variables corroborate a functioning of the traceability system of goat's milk (Letter Q) in a way compatible with normality. Bromatological variables show a behavior consistent with range of variation within each species, highlighting superiority of Murciano-Granadina goat breed in fat production, as well as possible influence of this breed on farms with non-purebred animals. It also highlights the supremacy of the Merina de Grazalema sheep breed in fat and protein production. Hygienic-sanitary quality of the milk is considered satisfactory, being below average values of Andalusia, highlighting superiority of medium-sized farms and those of the Murciano-Granadina goat breed, considering size farm and breed type, respectively. Likewise, medium-sized farms with purebred animals in ovine livestock are highlighted. Management model for small farms (family type) based on the use of pure breeds in goats is clearly differentiated from the rest of the typologies of the productive sector taking into account the results of the multivariate analysis, where evidencing a possible association between genetic valour animals and technification-professionalization of farm. Same singularity is observed for large-size and purebred sheep farms. Proper functioning of Letra Q Program in Andalusia is considered, which contributes to raise the level of food safety in consumers, as well as being a valuable tool for improving the technical-economic management and quality farms in the productive sector

A performance analysis tool of discrete-events systems

The analysis of the logic correctness of the system and its performance evaluation are usually carried out using, respectively, the Petri nets formalism and the discrete-event simulation. Several tools exist for both. The Platform Independent Petri Net Editor (PIPE) is a free software tool developed in Java for the modelling, simulation and qualitative analysis of Petri nets. It has been designed with an open philosophy so that extensions can be easily incorporated. SIMAN is one of the first discrete-event simulation languages developed. It has extensively proven its power. This paper first presents a module for the PIPE software that allows the automatic generation of SIMAN code from a Petri net. Then, a tool is proposed to aid the performance analysis of manufacturing systems from its SIMAN model. These tools are designed as a support for students in the understanding of the simulation methodology

Stable partial nitritation for low-strength wastewater at low temperature in an aerobic granular reactor

This study was supported by the AGAUR and ACC1Ó through the ANFIBIO project (2010VALOR0096). J. Pérez acknowledges the mobility fellowship (PRX12/00418, Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, through the Programa Nacional de Movilidad de Recursos Humanos del Plan Nacional de I + D + I 2008-2011) provided by the Spanish Government.Partial nitritation for a low-strength wastewater at low temperature was stably achieved in an aerobic granular reactor. A bench-scale granular sludge bioreactor was operated in continuous mode treating an influent of 70 mg N-NH₄⁺ L⁻¹ to mimic pretreated municipal nitrogenous wastewater and the temperature was progressively decreased from 30 to 12.5ºC. A suitable effluent nitrite to ammonium concentrations ratio to a subsequent anammox reactor was maintained stable during 300 days at 12.5ºC. The average applied nitrogen loading rate at 12.5 ºC was 0.7 ± 0.3 g N L⁻¹ d⁻¹, with an effluent nitrate concentration of only 2.5 ± 0.7 mg N--NO₃ L⁻¹. The biomass fraction of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in the granular sludge decreased from 19% to only 1% in 6 months of reactor operation at 12.5ºC. Nitrobacter spp. where found as the dominant NOB population, whereas Nitrospira spp. were not detected. Simulations indicated that: (i) NOB would only be effectively repressed when their oxygen half-saturation coefficient was higher than that of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria; and (ii) a lower specific growth rate of NOB was maintained at any point in the biofilm (even at 12.5ºC) due to the bulk ammonium concentration imposed through the control strategy

Ekstraksi Kata Kunci Metadata Twitter Berbahasa Indonesia Dengan Pendekatan Grammatical Tagging Untuk Visualisasi Hubungan Antar Fitur Produk

Informasi dari sosial media terutama twitter banyak mengandung teks yang menjelaskan fitur suatu produk. Seorang pemilik produk dapat mengamati kata kunci populer dalam twitter secara manual untuk mengetahui fitur produk yang perlu diperbaiki. Proses ini memakan waktu lama mengingat jumlah tweet berisi opini suatu produk sangatlah besar. Pengenalan kata kunci dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengekstrak kata yang ada pada suatu tweet dan melakukan perhitungan jumlah kata. Kata dengan jumlah kemunculan terbesar pada umumnya menjadi kata kunci dalam sebuah kumpulan tweet. Akan tetapi jumlah kemunculan kata belum tentu menggambarkan fitur sebuah produk. Pemilik produk membutuhkan informasi terkait kata kunci produk yang sedang populer ataupun produk serupa milik kompetitor serta hubungan semantik antara fitur yang menggambarkan kelebihan produk tersebut. Pada penelitian ini diusulkan suatu metode ekstraksi kata kunci dari metadata twitter dengan pendekatan grammatical tagging. Tahapan dalam metode tersebut yaitu praproses, ekstraksi kata, ekstraksi produk, dan hitung asosiasi serta visualiasi hubungan antara fitur kata-kata produk. Ekstraksi kata bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kandidat kata kunci dari tweet. Tahapan berikutnya adalah ekstraksi produk yang tertulis dalam tweet menggunakan grammatical tagging. Kemudian dilakukan penghitungan asosiasi dengan nilai confidence untuk mencari hubungan antara kata fitur produk yang tertulis dalam tweet produk. Hasil pengujian menggunakan data tweet dari Apple dan Nexus menunjukkan bahwa nilai kemunculan kata lebih berpengaruh dari pada nilai retweet dan nilai favourite. Metode yang diusulkan dapat mengenali kata fitur produk sebuah tweet dengan nilai precision 81.3%, serta dapat mengenali hubungan antara kata fitur produk dengan nilai f-measure 52.5 =============================================================================================== Information from social media, especially twitter, contain lots of text describing the features of a product. A product owner can manually observe popular keywords in twitter to determine the product features that need to be improved. This process takes a long time due to the enormous number of tweets containing opinions related to the product. Keywords recognition for candidates of product features can be performed by extracting existing words in a tweet and counting the words. The word with the greatest number of occurrences, usually are the keywords in a collection of tweets. However, the number of word occurrences does not necessarily reflect the features of a product. The product owner requires information of keywords related to popular products or similar products belonging to competitors and semantic relationships among the features that reflect the advantages of these products. In this study, a method is proposed to extract keywords from twitter metadata through grammatical tagging approach. The steps in this method are preprocessing, word extraction, product extraction, calculating the association and visualizing the relationship among the features of the product's words. The word extraction is intended to obtain the keywords candidate from tweets. The next step is the extraction of the product written in a tweet using the grammatical tagging. Afterward, the calculation of the association is performed with the confidence value to find relationships among the words related to the product features written in product tweet. The test results using tweet data from Apple and Nexus revealed that the value of word occurrences is more significant than the value of retweet and favourite. The proposed method can recognize the word of product features in a tweet with precision value of 81.3%, and can recognize relationships among the words of product features with an fmeasure value of 52.5%

Observando el tiempo desde el espacio

Conferencia pronunciada el 23 de marzo de 1982 con motivo del Día Meteorológico Mundial