Epibenthic harmful marine dinoflagellates from Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), with special reference to the ciguatoxin-producing Gambierdiscus

The relationship between the ciguatoxin-producer benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus and other epibenthic dinoflagellates in the Canary Islands was examined in macrophyte samples obtained from two locations of Fuerteventura Island in September 2016. The genera examined included Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Scrippsiella, Sinophysis, and Vulcanodinium. Distinct assemblages among these benthic dinoflagellates and preferential macroalgal communities were observed. Vulcanodinium showed the highest cell concentrations (81.6 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte), followed by Ostreopsis (25.2 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte). These two species were most represented at a station (Playitas) characterized by turfy Rhodophytes. In turn, Gambierdiscus (3.8 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte) and Sinophysis (2.6 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte) were mostly found in a second station (Cotillo) dominated by Rhodophytes and Phaeophytes. The influence of macrophyte’s thallus architecture on the abundance of dinoflagellates was observed. Filamentous morphotypes followed by macroalgae arranged in entangled clumps presented more richness of epiphytic dinoflagellates. Morphometric analysis was applied to Gambierdiscus specimens. By large, G. excentricus was the most abundant species and G. australes occupied the second place. The toxigenic potential of some of the genera/species distributed in the benthic habitats of the Canary coasts, together with the already known presence of ciguatera in the region, merits future studies on possible transmission of their toxins in the marine food chai

Genetic and phenotypic diversity characterization of natural populations of the parasitoid Parvilucifera sinerae

Parasites exert important top-down control of their host populations. The host−parasite system formed by Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) and Parvilucifera sinerae (Perkinsozoa) offers an opportunity to advance our knowledge of parasitism in planktonic communities. In this study, DNA extracted from 73 clonal strains of P. sinerae, from 10 different locations along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, was used to genetically characterize this parasitoid at the species level. All strains showed identical sequences of the small and large subunits and internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal RNA, as well as of the β-tubulin genes. However, the phenotypical characterization showed variability in terms of host invasion, zoospore success, maturation time, half-maximal infection, and infection rate. This characterization grouped the strains within 3 phenotypic types distinguished by virulence traits. A particular virulence pattern could not be ascribed to host-cell bloom appearance or to the location or year of parasite-strain isolation; rather, some parasitoid strains from the same bloom significantly differed in their virulence traits. Identical markers such as ITS and β-tubulin genes of P. sinerae strains from different geographic areas and from different years precludes their use in assessing intra-specific diversity and could indicate a recent dispersion of this species.Versión del editor2,393

Bloom dynamics and life cycle strategies of two toxic dinoflagellates in a coastal upwelling system (NW Iberian Peninsula)

A study of Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium minutum blooms on the Galician coast was conducted from 2005 to 2007 in order to increase knowledge of the mechanisms governing recurrent blooms of these species. Considerable differences in their bloom dynamics were observed. G. catenatum blooms occurred in autumn and winter, following the pattern previously reported in the literature: they began offshore and were advected to the Galician rias when a relaxation of the coastal upwelling occurred. On the other hand, A. minutum blooms developed inside embayments in spring and summer during the upwelling season and were associated with water stability and stratification. Both the vegetative population and the cyst distribution of A. minutum were related to less saline water from freshwater river outputs, which supports a saline-gradient relationship postulated herein for this species. Dinoflagellates may produce both long-term double-walled cysts (resting) and short-term pellicle cysts. Resting cyst deposition and distribution in sediments showed that seeding occurred during the blooms of both species. However, the relationship between the cyst distribution in the sediments in Baiona Bay and the intensity and occurrence of G. catenatum blooms, suggests that the latter are not directly related to resting cyst germination. Moreover, the results presented in the present study point to other difference between the two species, such as the detection of pellicle cysts only for A. minutum. Finally we discuss how the life cycle strategies of these two species may help to explain the different mechanisms of bloom formation reported herein.Versión del editor2,277

Knowledge mediated by digital technologies internalization: an analysis of synchronous communication and learning in the Covid-19 pandemic

Due to the social isolation caused by the rapid expansion of COVID-19, several higher education institutions have replaced classroom classes with classes with synchronous communication. This investigation aims to identify the level of satisfaction related to the absorption of pedagogical content in online classes applied through synchronous communication. For that, we opted for the quantitative approach, using the data collection technique through the application of an online questionnaire. The investigation was carried out after the practice of the first two months, with students enrolled in face-to-face higher education, in the countries of Brazil and Portugal, who had their teaching changed to classes with synchronous communication, taught by videoconference, through digital platforms

Estudio fisiológico de Dinophysis spp. durante un ciclo de afloramiento/hundimiento en la Ría de Pontevedra

HABITFloraciones Algales Nocivas en Capas Fina

Presence of one ecto- and two endoparasite species of the black stork (Ciconia nigra) in Portugal

Research Areas: Veterinary SciencesBackgroundThe black stork (Ciconia nigra Linnaeus, 1758) is a recognized endangered species in Europe and most of the specimens from the Western Palearctic region breed in the Iberian Peninsula. Available works regarding parasites in black storks are scarce. This work reports the presence one ecto- and two endoparasite species from a black stork in Portugal.Case presentationA black stork was found in southern Portugal after colliding against electric cables. The specimen did not survive its sustained injuries and a post-mortem exam was performed. During the procedure, several ecto- and endoparasite specimens were found. The collected parasites were lice (Neophilopterus tricolor), nematodes (Desportesius sagittatus) and trematodes (Cathaemasia hians).ConclusionsThree different species of parasites are reported from a black stork in Portugal. Ecto- and endoparasites of C. nigra have not frequently been described in the literature, and this case report is a contribution to the field. Additional studies will be important to better understand the impact that parasites can have on C. nigra health and survival.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Viral Loads and Disease Severity in Children with Rhinovirus-Associated Illnesses

The role of rhinoviruses (RVs) in children with clinical syndromes not classically associated with RV infections is not well understood. We analyzed a cohort of children <= 21 years old who were PCR+ for RV at a large Pediatric Hospital from 2011 to 2013. Using univariate and multivariable logistic regression, we analyzed the associations between demographic, clinical characteristics, microbiology data, and clinical outcomes in children with compatible symptoms and incidental RV detection. Of the 2473 children (inpatients and outpatients) with an RV+ PCR, 2382 (96%) had compatible symptoms, and 91 (4%) did not. The overall median age was 14 months and 78% had underlying comorbidities. No differences in RV viral loads were found according to the presence of compatible symptoms, while in children with classic RV symptoms, RV viral loads were higher in single RV infections versus RV viral co-infections. Bacterial co-infections were more common in RV incidental detection (7.6%) than in children with compatible symptoms (1.9%, p < 0.001). The presence of compatible symptoms independently increased the odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) of hospitalization 4.8 (3.1-7.4), prolonged hospital stays 1.9 (1.1-3.1), need for oxygen 12 (5.8-25.0) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission 4.13 (2.0-8.2). Thus, despite comparable RV loads, disease severity was significantly worse in children with compatible symptoms

Colección de cultivos de microalgas nocivas del Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo. Resultados experimentales de algunas especies

En el Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (COV) existe una colección de cultivos de fitoplancton que incluye la mayor parte de las microalgas relacionadas con floraciones tóxicas o nocivas de la costa de la península Ibérica. En este informe se detalla una lista con todas las cepas mantenidas en esta colección, el nombre de la especie, la procedencia de la muestra original desde la que fue aislada y su toxicidad en el caso de que haya sido probada. Además, se muestran los resultados de los estudios sobre crecimiento de tres especies de dinoflagelados en cultivos de esa colección y que son consideradas las más inportantes por su producción de biotoxinas marinas: Gymnodinium catenatum Graham, Alexandrium minutum Halim y Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge. Se mencionan también numerosas publicaciones de estudios realizados con esos cultivos tanto en el COV como por investigadores de otras instituciones. En el apartado de material y métodos se describe la metodología seguida para el aislamiento y mantenimiento de los cultivos de fitoplancton, así como para el cálculo de la tasa de crecimiento de los mismosCultures of different toxic phytoplankton species related with harmful algal blooms are maintained in a culture collection at the Vigo Oceanographic Center. In the present report, we list all the strains from this culture collection. The list indicates the names of the strains and species, the original sample location from which they were isolated and their toxicity in cases in which this has been tested. This report also present the results of the studies on growth of three dinoflagellates from the culture collection. These species are: Gymnodinium catenatum Graham, Alexandrium minutum Halim and Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge, and they are remarkably important in toxic phytoplankton research because of their toxin production. Different studies of these cultures described in different publications are also mentioned. In material and methods we describe the methodology for the isolation and maintenance of microalgae cultures, the method of growth rate calculation is also explained.Versión del editor0,000

Bloom dynamics of an exceptional red tide of the toxigenic dinoflagellate

The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum generally proliferates in semi-enclosed sites such as estuaries, harbours and lagoons, where stratification, restricted circulation and accumulation of resting cysts set suitable conditions for its development. In the Galician Rías (NW Iberian Peninsula), its blooms follow also this pattern. They are recurrent in small, shallow estuarine bays inside the Rías, but rarely detected, and if so in minor amount, out of these areas. However, a massive proliferation of A. minutum from June to July 2018 in the Rías Baixas (Vigo and Pontevedra) changed this picture. The bloom initiated in semi-enclosed waters, as previously described for this species, but thereafter spread to the whole embayments where persisted more than one month. It generated a noticeable red tide with disperse patches that became heavily concentrated inside the port of Vigo. During that period shellfish harvesting closures and paralytic shellfish toxins in certain marine invertebrates and fish were reported for the first time in Spain. Meteorological conditions (higher than usual rains/runoff, sustained temperature increment and oscillating wind pattern promoting a series of upwelling-relaxation cycles) fostered optimal circumstances for the outbreak of A. minutum: strong vertical stratification and the alternation of retention and dispersion processes. Simulations from a particle tracking model portrayed the observed bloom development phases: onset, transport within the surface layer towards the interior parts of the Ría of Vigo, and dispersion all over the embayment. High concentrations of resting cysts were detected several months after the bloom, which may have favoured flourish of A. minutum in the following years, markedly in 2020

HABs in coastal upwelling systems: Insights from an exceptional red tide of the toxigenic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum

Alexandrium minutum blooms generally occur in semi-enclosed sites such as estuaries, harbours and lagoons, where enhanced stratification, restricted circulation and accumulation of resting cysts in the sediment set suitable habitat conditions for the proliferation of this paralytic shellfish poisoning toxigenic species. In the Galician Rías Baixas (NW Iberian Peninsula), according to weekly time-series between 1994 and 2020, blooms of A. minutum were recurrent in small, shallow estuarine bays inside the Rías de Vigo and Pontevedra, but rarely detected, and if so at low concentrations, out of these environments. However, from May to July 2018 it developed as usual in the small inner bays but then spread over both Rías (Vigo and Pontevedra) causing discoloured waters during one month and prolonged harvesting closures. Meteorological conditions during that period (rains / runoff higher than climatological averages, sustained temperature increment and oscillating wind pattern –i.e., series of upwelling-relaxation cycles), fostered optimal circumstances for the development of that extensive and massive proliferation: strong vertical stratification and the alternation of retention and dispersion processes. Simulations from a particle tracking model portrayed the observed bloom development phases: onset and development inside a small inner bay; transport within the surface layer, from these sites towards the interior parts of the Ría; and dispersion all over the embayment. Seedbeds with high concentrations of resting cysts were detected several months after the bloom, which may have favoured flourishment of A. minutum in the following two years, markedly in 2020. The present work contributes to the general understanding of the dynamics of harmful algal blooms (HABs), from which surveillance indicators of the state of marine ecosystems and their evolution can be derived. We hypothesize that the intensity and frequency of A. minutum proliferations in the Galician Rías could increase under projected climate trends.Postprint2,69