Regional specialization and trade patterns in Europe.

In the present paper we will study the effects of the construction of an internal market in Europe in 1992. The question to be answered is whether some regions in Europe have improved their positions in the internal EU trade from a better exploitation of their comparative advantages (productivity, factors endowment,...) and scale economies, as far as regions have two main reasons for trade: specialization in those activities they do the best and the exploitation of scale economies. The evolution of inter industrial trade will reveal whether the expectations of some qualified economist of a deeper specialization of northern European regions in human capital-intensive industries and in labour-intensive industries in the southern regions were correct. Besides, the development of intra industrial trade in this decade will prove if the benefits of scale economies were bigger in the south, where they were less exploited at the outset. Finally, we will also analyse the role of foreign direct investment (which can be observed as another way of exports and shares with trade the causal factors) in the reinforcement of specialization patterns across Europe. In this connection, we identify and analyse the evolution of trade patterns in Europe in the 1990´s through the utilization of Grubel-Lloyd index. Secondly, we utilize several indicators of comparative advantages (sectors average productivity, labour costs, human capital endowment, etc.) and of firms size to study whether they have also undergone some changes as a result of the internal market formation. Although the lack of regional data can make us formulate this analysis for countries rather than for regions, whenever necessary we will supplement it with the patterns of regional specialization within the countries, as far as the regional location of export industries can shed some light on this issue.

El perfil del profesor de español como lengua extranjera: dimensión formativa, dimensión técnica y dimensión afectivo-emocional

In this article we will reflect on the three dimensions that constitute key areas in the professional development of teachers of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE): the formative dimension, the technical dimension and affective-emotional dimension. We focus on the context of educational practice, an area from which we can invite reflection, to analyze the beliefs of teachers or change the direction of their work in the classroom.In this article we will reflect on the three dimensions that constitute key areas in the professional development of teachers of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE): the formative dimension, the technical dimension and affective-emotional dimension. We focus on the context of educational practice, an area from which we can invite reflection, to analyze the beliefs of teachers or change the direction of their work in the classroom

Fluorescence study of tetracaine–cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

The steady-state fluorescence emission from the local anaesthetic tetracaine (TCA) in water-solvent mixtures and in the presence of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) was investigated at various pH values. Emission was observed from the locally and the intramolecular charge transfer excited states. The TCA-CD system was found to be characterised by 1:1 associate in every case. The association constants of each complex were determined.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia; CTQ2005-07428/BQUMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación; CTQ2008-04429/BQ

Potentiometric characterisation of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of local anaesthetics

The complexation of several local anaesthetics by β and γ-cyclodextrins was studied by potentiometry with glass electrode. Tetracaine and dibucaine complexation constants were determined at 25°C in the presence of 0.1 M of NaCl. It was found that prilocaine and lidocaine complexes cannot be detected.Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia; CTQ2005-07428/BQUMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovacion; CTQ2008-04429/BQ

The ethnic voices in the Peace Agreement of Colombia: An ontological resistance

Este artículo explora, desde el concepto de resistencia ontológica, la movilización que los líderes indígenas y afrocolombianos realizaron para reclamar un espacio como pueblos colectivos autónomos en las negociaciones de paz entre el gobierno de Colombia y las FARC-EP. Fruto de este ejercicio de resistencia, las comunidades lograron incluir un Capítulo Étnico en el Acuerdo Final de Paz que representó una victoria simbólica para su autonomía. A través del análisis del discurso, argumentamos que la construcción de paz para los pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes pasa por el respecto a sus ontologías relacionales, su autonomía y su autodeterminaciónThis article explores, from the concept of ontological resistance, the mobilization that the indigenous and Afro-Colombian leaders, as autonomous collective peoples, carried out to claim a space in the peace negotiations between the government of Colombia and the FARC-EP. As a result of their exercise of resistance, the communities managed to include an Ethnic Chapter in the Final Peace Agreement, which represented a symbolic victory for their autonomy. Through discourse analysis, we argue that the construction of peace for indigenous peoples and Afro-Colombians implies the respect of their ontologies, their autonomy and their self-determinationEste artículo fue posible gracias a la beca de doctorado 2015-2019 de la Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, número PD/ BD/113997/2015, y a la estancia de investigación en el Observatorio de Paz de la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano de Bogot

Micellar effects on aromatic esters hydrolysis

The alkaline hydrolysis of two aromatic esters, 2-naphthyl acetate (2NA) and phenyl acetate (PhA) has been tackled in this work. The reaction has been followed in water and in the presence of cationic surfactants with different chain lengths: dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTABr), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTABr), and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) and the corresponding hydroxides (DTAOH, TTAOH and CTAOH) at 25. °C. The pseudo-first order rate constants increase with surfactant concentration in the presence of surfactants with reactive counter-ions, while a maximum is reached for bromide surfactants with a constant concentration of hydroxyl ion. Both, the association equilibrium constants of 2NA and PhA with micelles and the rate constant in this medium were determined. The degree of counter-ion association to micelles was considered as a variable parameter, using the adsorption equilibrium of bromide and hydroxide ions to the micelle.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia; CTQ2005-07428/BQUMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación; CTQ2008-04429/BQ