Mediating Role of Intimate Partner Violence Between Emotional Dependence and Addictive Behaviours in Adolescents

ObjectiveIntimate partner violence (IPV) has been related to emotional dependence and addictive disorders. This study aims to provide a global approach to analyse the relationship between these variables and to determine the factors underlying permanence in violent relationships. MethodsIt is a non-experimental, cross-sectional correlational design study. Participants had to have at least one dating relationship for at least 1 month to complete the questionnaire, which included the following instruments: emotional dependence scale (DEN), scale of violence in dating relationships (VREP) and impulse control disorders scale (MULTICAGE CAD 4). ResultsThe sample consisted of 1.533 adolescents, 53.9% were male (n = 826) and 46.1% female (n = 707), between 14 and 18 years. Emotional dependence correlated significantly with received violence (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). Compulsive spending is strongly associated with emotional dependence (r = 0.21, p < 0.001), whereas sex addiction is associated with received violence to a greater extent (r = 0.18, p < 0.001). Received violence mediates on emotional dependence and addictions. ConclusionIPV is a risk factor for the perpetuation of addictive behaviours. It is advisable to promote affective education for developing resilience and adequate coping

Major depressive disorder following terrorist attacks: A systematic review of prevalence, course and correlates

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Terrorist attacks are traumatic events that may result in a wide range of psychological disorders for people exposed. This review aimed to systematically assess the current evidence on major depressive disorder (MDD) after terrorist attacks.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A systematic review was performed. Studies included assessed the impact of human-made, intentional, terrorist attacks in direct victims and/or persons in general population and evaluated MDD based on diagnostic criteria.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 567 reports were identified, 11 of which were eligible for this review: 6 carried out with direct victims, 4 with persons in general population, and 1 with victims and general population. The reviewed literature suggests that the risk of MDD ranges between 20 and 30% in direct victims and between 4 and 10% in the general population in the first few months after terrorist attacks. Characteristics that tend to increase risk of MDD after a terrorist attack are female gender, having experienced more stressful situations before or after the attack, peritraumatic reactions during the attack, loss of psychosocial resources, and low social support. The course of MDD after terrorist attacks is less clear due to the scarcity of longitudinal studies.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Methodological limitations in the literature of this field are considered and potentially important areas for future research such as the assessment of the course of MDD, the study of correlates of MDD or the comorbidity between MDD and other mental health problems are discussed.</p

La influencia de los psicofármacos en la conducción

Con el objetivo de condensar los últimos avances de la investigación en la interacción de los psicofármacos en las habilidades implicadas en la conducción se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed y PsycINFO con las palabras clave benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics AND drive, driving y drivers. En el trabajo se revisaron todos los artículos publicados desde enero del 2006 hasta octubre de 2010.In order to condense the latest developments in research into the interaction of psychoactive drugs in the skills involved in driving, a search in PubMed and PsycINFO was made, using keywords benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics AND drive, driving and drivers. In the paper all articles published from January 2006 until October 2010 were reviewed

Exercise Addiction and Muscle Dysmorphia: The Role of Emotional Dependence and Attachment

Background: Both exercise addiction (EA) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) primarily involve the compulsive practice of physical exercise and are classified as behavioral addictions in different lines of research. These types of addictions are frequently comorbid with other addictive pathologies, such as emotional dependence (ED), which is closely related to childhood attachment. This study is presented to address the scarcity of research relating EA and MD with other behavioral addictions. The aims are to analyze the sex differences found in emotional dependence, attachment dimensions, EA and MD; to analyze the association between EA and MD and other behavioral addictions, such as emotional dependence and attachment dimensions; and to analyze the possible role that childhood attachment plays in mediating the interaction between emotional dependence and EA and MD.Method: The sample comprised 366 participants (54.6% women) aged 17–31 (M = 23.53; SD = 6.48).Results: There are sex differences, with men scoring higher in EA, MD, and ED. The positive relationship between EA and ED (values between 0.16 and 0.28), MD (presenting values between 0.42 and 0.70), and attachment styles based on preoccupation, interference, permissiveness, and value of parental authority (values between 0.11 and 0.14) is highlighted. On the other hand, MD was positively related to ED (values ranging from 0.24 to 0.36) and attachment styles based on the value of parental authority, self-sufficiency, and resentment toward parents (between 0.17 and 0.18), and negatively related to secure attachment (values between −0.13 and −0.18). Likewise, the predictive role of ED and attachment styles in EA and MD was tested. And it was observed how attachment styles mediated the relationship between EA and ED, as well as the relationship between MD and ED. Thus, it has been shown that people with EA and MD present attachment styles that may influence negatively the decision-making process when choosing inappropriate strategies to achieve adequate emotional regulation, even selecting inappropriate goals for physical exercise with negative consequences.Conclusions: The dissemination of the findings among mental health and sports science professionals is necessary to develop prevention and intervention strategies for people affected by EA and MD

Valoración, afrontamiento y ansiedad a la hora de dejar de fumar

El objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar la valoración (appraisal) cognitiva y los tipos de afrontamiento que adoptan las personas a la hora de dejar de fumar. El instrumento de evaluación utilizado en una muestra de 107 estudiantes es el Inventario de Valoración y Afrontamiento (IVA), diseñado a partir del modelo de la valoración de Lazarus y Folkman (1986). El IVA consta de tres subescalas de valoración (amenaza, desafío e irrelevante) y seis subescalas de afrontamiento (cognitivo y conductual-motor dirigido a cambiar la situación, cognitivo y conductual-motor dirigido a reducir la emoción, pasivo y evitativo). Los resultados, señalan que cuando las personas realizan una valoración de amenaza ante la situación de dejar de fumar sufren, de forma significativa, mayores niveles de ansiedad (correlación producto momento = .61) que cuando valoran la situación como un desafío (correlación nula) o como irrelevante (correlación negativa y significativa). Además, se ha encontrado que la valoración de la situación dejar de fumar como amenazante correlaciona de forma positiva y significativa con el afrontamiento evitativo, y de forma negativa con el afrontamiento cognitivo activo (estrategias cognitivas dirigidas a cambiar la situación y a reducir la emoción). Estos resultados están en consonancia con estudios previos sobre el IVA ante otra situación altamente ansiógena (Cano-Vindel and Miguel-Tobal, 1999). Se resalta la necesidad de evaluar las valoraciones primarias y los diferentes tipos de afrontamiento que adoptan las personas que quieren dejar de fumar, ya que algunos se relacionan de forma significativa con el nivel de ansiedad, que a su vez juega un papel importante en la adicción al tabaco y en el fracaso al intentar dejar de fumar

Dependencia emocional y consecuencias psicológicas del abuso de internet y móvil en jóvenes.

New technologies are increasingly present in our daily lives, what makes necessary the study of their possible consequences and relationship with addictive behaviors. In this sense, adolescence is an especially vulnerable age for the appearance of risk behaviors such as addictions, as there is a tendency towards dependency at this development stage. The present study was carried out with a sample of 535 young university students in order to analyze emotional dependency in dating relationships and the psychological consequences of Internet and mobile use (such as anxious and depressive symptoms and low self-esteem), considering gender differences, the role that emotional dependency plays in their use, and the predictive role of their use on the aforementioned consequences. The results showed gender differences in mobile abuse, depression, and self-esteem. Also, emotional dependency correlated with Internet and mobile abuse, and both constructs correlated with anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Finally, emotional dependency predicted Internet and mobile abuse, as well as anxious and depressive symptomatology and low self-esteem. These variables also predicted mobile and Internet abuse. This study provides new keys to understanding emotional dependency and Internet and mobile abuse, and their inter-relationships and relationship with other constructs.La creciente presencia de las nuevas tecnologías en nuestras vidas hace necesaria el estudio de sus posibles consecuencias y del desarrollo de conductas adictivas.  En este sentido, la adolescencia es una edad especialmente vulnerable a la aparición de conductas de riesgo como las adicciones por tratarse de una etapa marcada por un exceso de dependencia.  Por ello, con una muestra de 535 jóvenes universitarios, el presente estudio pretende analizar la dependencia emocional y las consecuencias psicológicas en relación al uso de Internet y móvil (a nivel de sintomatología ansioso-depresiva y autoestima), considerando también las diferencias de género, así como el papel que juega la dependencia emocional en este uso y el papel predictor del uso sobre las mencionadas consecuencias.  Los resultados muestran que habría diferencias de género en el abuso de móvil, depresión y autoestima. Además, la dependencia emocional correlacionaría con el abuso de Internet y móvil, y ambos constructos correlacionarían con ansiedad, depresión y autoestima. Finalmente. La dependencia emocional sería predictora del abuso de Internet y móvil, así como de la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, y de la autoestima, que también serían predictores del abuso de móvil e Internet. Este estudio proporciona nuevas claves a la hora de comprender la dependencia emocional y el abuso de Internet y móvil, y de la relación que mantienen entre sí y con otros constructos

Latent classes of eating disorders and addictions by sex: Implication of alexithymia and stressful life events in youths

Introduction: Eating disorders (EDs) and behavioural addictions show common psychological vulnerability factors such as alexithymia and stressful life events (SLE). This study aims, firstly, to explore the prevalence and latent profiles of participants based on their risk of suffering EDs, gambling disorder (GD), alcohol and/or drug abuse, and compulsive buying (CB) by sex. Secondly, it aimed to test whether alexithymia and having experienced SLE are associated with group membership. Methods: The sample was predominantly drawn from university students and social networks. It was composed of 352 young adults between 18 and 35 years old, of whom 77.8% were women and 22.2% men. Results: The results showed that the most prevalent disorders of the sample were alcohol, EDs, CB, drugs and GD, respectively. Moreover, latent class analyses were conducted based on the risk of suffering EDs or addictions by sex. Three main profiles were found: ‘Men with addictions’, ‘Healthy women’ and ‘Women with EDs’. Finally, differences in SLE and alexithymia levels were tested by latent classes. “Men with addictions” and “Women with EDs” had higher scores on alexithymia and SLE than the group of “Healthy women”. However, the group of “Women with EDs” (class 3) reported significantly higher levels of SLE and alexithymia than the other two groups. Discussion and conclusion: In conclusion, we discuss the possibility that some vulnerability factors operate generally and transdiagnostically in EDs and addictive disorders. The identification of clinical phenotypes could complement and deepen prediction, prevention and treatment research in clinical settings. The need to take sex and gender differences into account is reinforced.We thank the Spanish Ministry of Health for institutional support. The research was funded by the Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (PNSD; Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs; Ref: 2020I007). The funders played no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The research is also supported by a predoctoral grant for training university teachers from the Spanish Ministry of Universities (FPU20/03045) and a post-doctoral grant from the Basque Government

Emotional regulation and body dissatisfaction: the mediating role of anger in young adult women

IntroductionEmotion regulation difficulties have an important role in the presence of negative self-image. These problems in the self-regulation of emotion could lead to negative emotional processes (such as anger) that can lead to body dissatisfaction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine emotion regulation difficulties than can negatively impact self-image and to understand if anger acts as mediator in the relationship between emotion regulation and body dissatisfaction.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out comprising 565 young adult women aged 18–30 years. The participants were administered the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), and the Body Dissatisfaction dimension of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2). The proposed hypotheses were tested by path analysis in MPlus 8.0.ResultsThe results indicated that anger had a positive significant effect on body dissatisfaction as well as the non-acceptance of emotional responses, the lack of emotional awareness, and the lack of emotional clarity. Of all the dimensions of emotional regulation difficulties, impulse control difficulty was the dimension which had a positive significant indirect effect on body dissatisfaction explained by increased anger.DiscussionThe present study suggests the importance of emotion regulation in the prevention of body dissatisfaction. Impulse control difficulty may be the key emotion regulation emotion in explaining the increments of anger that lead to body dissatisfaction. Among young adults, the promotion of positive body image can be promoted by helping this population to self-regulate their anger impulses

El papel de la dependencia emocional en la relación entre el apego y la conducta impulsiva

The emotional dependence has been related with the problems in the impulse control and with the preoccupied attachment style. The objectives of this study are to analyze the relation between the emotional dependence, attachment and the impulsive behavior, as well as, to analyze if these final two can predict the emotional dependence. Furthermore, it analyze if the emotional dependence mediate in the relation between attachment and impulsivity and, finally, it studies the differences of gender in the three mentioned variables. The sample is formed by 1533 teenagers (707 women and 826 men), with ages between 14-18 years old (M = 15.76; DT = 1.25). The results showed of positives relations between the emotional dependence and the parental permission, childhood trauma and impulsive behavior. Moreover, the impulsivity is positively related with the fact to avoid to be alone, asymmetric relation, the need to please others, parental permission and childhood trauma. In the same way, it proves how the parental permission, self-sufficiency and resentment against parents and childhood trauma can predict the emotional dependence. Finally, it observes how the relation between the attachment and the impulsive behavior is mediated with the emotional dependency and it appreciates differences between the three variables in gender basis.La dependencia emocional se define como una necesidad afectiva extrema que una persona siente hacia su pareja. Se ha relacionado con el déficit de control de impulsos y con el estilo de apego preocupado. El presente estudio tiene como objetivos analizar la relación entre la dependencia emocional, el apego y la conducta impulsiva, así como, analizar si estas dos últimas predicen la dependencia emocional. Además, se analiza si la dependencia emocional media en la relación entre el apego y la impulsividad y, finalmente, se estudian las diferencias de género en las tres variables mencionadas. La muestra está formada por 1533 adolescentes (707 mujeres y 826 hombres), con edades que oscilan entre los 14-18 años (M = 15.76; DT = 1.25). Los resultados muestran relaciones positivas entre la dependencia emocional y la permisividad parental, traumatismo infantil e impulsividad. Asimismo, la impulsividad se relaciona de manera positiva con evitar estar solo, relación asimétrica, necesidad de agradar, permisividad parental y traumatismo infantil. Igualmente, se comprueba como la permisividad parental, autosuficiencia y rencor contra los padres y el traumatismo infantil predicen la dependencia emocional. Finalmente, se observa como la relación entre el apego y la conducta impulsiva es mediada por la dependencia emocional y se aprecian diferencias en las tres variables en función del género

Metabolic subtypes of patients with NAFLD exhibit distinctive cardiovascular risk profiles

Background and Aims We previously identified subsets of patients with NAFLD with different metabolic phenotypes. Here we align metabolomic signatures with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and genetic risk factors. Approach and Results We analyzed serum metabolome from 1154 individuals with biopsy-proven NAFLD, and from four mouse models of NAFLD with impaired VLDL-triglyceride (TG) secretion, and one with normal VLDL-TG secretion. We identified three metabolic subtypes: A (47%), B (27%), and C (26%). Subtype A phenocopied the metabolome of mice with impaired VLDL-TG secretion; subtype C phenocopied the metabolome of mice with normal VLDL-TG; and subtype B showed an intermediate signature. The percent of patients with NASH and fibrosis was comparable among subtypes, although subtypes B and C exhibited higher liver enzymes. Serum VLDL-TG levels and secretion rate were lower among subtype A compared with subtypes B and C. Subtype A VLDL-TG and VLDL-apolipoprotein B concentrations were independent of steatosis, whereas subtypes B and C showed an association with these parameters. Serum TG, cholesterol, VLDL, small dense LDL5,6, and remnant lipoprotein cholesterol were lower among subtype A compared with subtypes B and C. The 10-year high risk of CVD, measured with the Framingham risk score, and the frequency of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 NAFLD risk allele were lower in subtype A. Conclusions Metabolomic signatures identify three NAFLD subgroups, independent of histological disease severity. These signatures align with known CVD and genetic risk factors, with subtype A exhibiting a lower CVD risk profile. This may account for the variation in hepatic versus cardiovascular outcomes, offering clinically relevant risk stratification.National Institutes of Health (R01DK123763, R01DK119437, HL151328, P30DK52574, P30DK56341, and UL1TR002345); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España (SAF2017-88041-R); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España for the Severo Ochoa Excellence Accreditation (SEV-2016-0644); CIBERehd (Biomedical Research Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases) and Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Program (PMC13 and PMC15); Spanish Carlos III Health Institute (PI15/01132 and PI18/01075); Miguel Servet Program (CON14/00129 and CPII19/00008); Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, CIBERehd, Department of Industry of the Basque Country (Elkartek: KK-2020/00008); La Caixa Scientific Foundation (HR17-00601); Liver Investigation: Testing Marker Utility in Steatohepatitis consortium funded by the Innovative Medicines Initiative Program of the European Union (777377), which receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA; Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Center; Czech Ministry of Health (RVO-VFN64165/2020); Fondo Nacional De Ciencia y Tecnología de Chile (1191145); and the Comisión Nacional de Investigación, Ciencia y Tecnología (AFB170005, CARE Chile UC); Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID ACE 210009); European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (825510)