Imaging of Joints and Bones in Autoinflammation

Autoinflammatory disorders are commonly characterized by seemingly unprovoked systemic inflammation mainly driven by cells and cytokines of the innate immune system. In many disorders on this spectrum, joint and bone involvement may be observed and imaging of these manifestations can provide essential diagnostic information. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the imaging characteristics for major diseases and disease groups on the autoinflammatory spectrum, including familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), Behcet disease (BD), crystal deposition diseases (including gout), adult-onset Still's disease (AoSD), and syndromatic synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO)/chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Herein, we discuss common and distinguishing imaging characteristics, phenotypical overlaps with related diseases, and promising fields of future research

Classifications and imaging of juvenile spondyloarthritis

Juvenile spondyloarthritis may be present in at least 3 subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis according to the classification of the International League of Associations for Rheumatology. By contrast with spondyloarthritis in adults, juvenile spondyloarthritis starts with inflammation of peripheral joints and entheses in the majority of children, whereas sacroiliitis and spondylitis may develop many years after the disease onset. Peripheral joint involvement makes it difficult to differentiate juvenile spondyloarthritis from other juvenile idiopathic arthritis subtypes. Sacroiliitis, and especially spondylitis, although infrequent in childhood, may manifest as low back pain. In clinical practice, radiographs of the sacroiliac joints or pelvis are performed in most of the cases even though magnetic resonance imaging offers more accurate diagnosis of sacroiliitis. Neither disease classification criteria nor imaging recommendations have taken this advantage into account in patients with juvenile spondyloarthritis. The use of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of children and adolescents with a clinical suspicion of sacroiliitis would improve early diagnosis, identification of inflammatory changes and treatment. In this paper, we present the imaging features of juvenile spondyloarthritis in juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis with spondyloarthritis, and juvenile arthropathies associated with inflammatory bowel disease

MRI lesions of the spine in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: an update of lesion definitions and validation by the ASAS MRI working group

OBJECTIVES: Spinal MRI is used to visualise lesions associated with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). The ASAS MRI working group (WG) updated and validated the definitions for inflammatory and structural spinal lesions in the context of axSpA. METHODS: After review of the existing literature on all possible types of spinal MRI pathologies in axSpA, the group (12 rheumatologists and two radiologists) consented on the required revisions of lesion definitions compared with the existing nomenclature of 2012. In a second step, using 62 MRI scans from the ASAS classification cohort, the proposed definitions were validated in a multireader campaign by global (absent/present) and detailed (inflammation and structural) lesion assessment at the vertebral corner (VC), vertebral endplate, facet joints, transverse processes, lateral and posterior elements. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for analysis. RESULTS: Revisions were made for both inflammatory (bone marrow oedema, BMO) and structural (fat, erosion, bone spur and ankylosis) lesions, including localisation (central vs lateral), extension (VC vs vertebral endplate) and extent (minimum number of slices needed), while new definitions were suggested for the type of lesion based on lesion maturity (VC monomorphic vs dimorphic). The most reliably assessed lesions were VC fat lesion and VC monomorphic BMO (ICC (mean of all 36 reader pairs/overall 9 readers): 0.91/0.92; 0.70/0.67, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The lesion definitions for spinal MRI lesions compatible with SpA were updated by consensus and validated by a group of experienced readers. The lesions with the highest frequency and best reliability were fat and monomorphic inflammatory lesions at the VC

A narrative review

Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Couto, Parreira, Power, Pinheiro, Madruga Dias, Novofastovski, Eshed, Sarzi-Puttini, Pappone, Atzeni, Verlaan, Kuperus, Bieber, Ambrosino, Kiefer, Khan, Mader, Baraliakos and Bruges-Armas.Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) and Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL) are common disorders characterized by the ossification of spinal ligaments. The cause for this ossification is currently unknown but a genetic contribution has been hypothesized. Over the last decade, many studies on the genetics of ectopic calcification disorders have been performed, mainly on OPLL. Most of these studies were based on linkage analysis and case control association studies. Animal models have provided some clues but so far, the involvement of the identified genes has not been confirmed in human cases. In the last few years, many common variants in several genes have been associated with OPLL. However, these associations have not been at definitive levels of significance and evidence of functional significance is generally modest. The current evidence suggests a multifactorial aetiopathogenesis for DISH and OPLL with a subset of cases showing a stronger genetic component.publishersversionpublishe

Development and Validation of an OMERACT MRI Whole-Body Score for Inflammation in Peripheral Joints and Entheses in Inflammatory Arthritis (MRI-WIPE)

Objective: To develop a whole-body MRI-scoring system for peripheral arthritis and enthesitis. Methods: After consensus on definitions/locations of MRI pathologies, four multi-reader exercises were performed. Eighty-three joints were scored 0-3 separately for synovitis and osteitis, thirty-three entheses 0-3 separately for soft tissue inflammation and osteitis. Results: In the last exercise, reliability was moderate-good for musculoskeletal radiologists and rheumatologists with previously demonstrated good scoring proficiency. Median pairwise single-measure/average-measure ICCs were 0.67/0.80 for status scores and 0.69/0.82 for change scores; kappas ranged 0.35-0.77. Conclusion: WBMRI scoring of peripheral arthritis and enthesitis is reliable which encourages further testing and refinement in clinical trials

Imaging Characteristics of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis: More Than Just Spinal Bony Bridges

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a systemic condition characterized by new bone formation and enthesopathies of the axial and peripheral skeleton. The pathogenesis of DISH is not well understood, and it is currently considered a non-inflammatory condition with an underlying metabolic derangement. Currently, DISH diagnosis relies on the Resnick and Niwayama criteria, which encompass end-stage disease with an already ankylotic spine. Imaging characterization of the axial and peripheral skeleton in DISH subjects may potentially help identify earlier diagnostic criteria and provide further data for deciphering the general pathogenesis of DISH and new bone formation. In the current review, we aim to summarize and characterize axial and peripheral imaging findings of the skeleton related to DISH, along with their clinical and pathogenetic relevance

Sacroiliitis in axial spondyloarthritis : assessing morphology and activity

Objective: To review the strengths, limitations, and new insights in the anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of active and structural lesions of sacroiliitis in spondyloarthritis. Discussion: MRI plays a key role in the diagnosis and follow-up of sacroiliitis in spondyloarthritis. MRI of the sacroiliac joints in affected patients may show active lesions such as bone marrow edema, capsulitis, enthesitis, or synovitis as well as structural changes such as erosion, fat infiltration, sclerosis, backfill, and ankylosis. Active lesions of sacroiliitis on MRI are particularly important for the diagnosis and assessment of ongoing active inflammation. Structural lesions increasingly gain importance for diagnosis and follow-up. Conclusion: Active lesions remain the hallmark for assessment of inflammation in sacroiliitis. Structural lesions increasingly play a role in the diagnosis of spondyloarthritis

Klasyfikacje i diagnostyka obrazowa młodzieńczych spondyloartropatii

Juvenile spondyloarthritis may be present in at least 3 subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis according to the classification of the International League of Associations for Rheumatology. By contrast with spondyloarthritis in adults, juvenile spondyloarthritis starts with inflammation of peripheral joints and entheses in the majority of children, whereas sacroiliitis and spondylitis may develop many years after the disease onset. Peripheral joint involvement makes it difficult to differentiate juvenile spondyloarthritis from other juvenile idiopathic arthritis subtypes. Sacroiliitis, and especially spondylitis, although infrequent in childhood, may manifest as low back pain. In clinical practice, radiographs of the sacroiliac joints or pelvis are performed in most of the cases even though magnetic resonance imaging offers more accurate diagnosis of sacroiliitis. Neither disease classification criteria nor imaging recommendations have taken this advantage into account in patients with juvenile spondyloarthritis. The use of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of children and adolescents with a clinical suspicion of sacroiliitis would improve early diagnosis, identification of inflammatory changes and treatment. In this paper, we present the imaging features of juvenile spondyloarthritis in juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis with spondyloarthritis, and juvenile arthropathies associated with inflammatory bowel disease.Zgodnie z klasyfikacją Międzynarodowej Ligi Stowarzyszeń Reumatologicznych (International League of Associations for Rheumatology) spondyloartropatie młodzieńcze uwzględnione są w co najmniej trzech podtypach młodzieńczego idiopatycznego zapalenia stawów. W przeciwieństwie do spondyloartropatii występujących u chorych dorosłych, u większości dzieci choroba rozpoczyna się zajęciem stawów obwodowych i entez, podczas gdy zapalenie stawów krzyżowo-biodrowych i kręgosłupa może ujawnić się dopiero po upływie wielu lat od wystąpienia pierwszych objawów choroby. Zajęcie stawów obwodowych sprawia, że odróżnienie młodzieńczych spondyloartropatii od innych podtypów młodzieńczego idiopatycznego zapalenia stawów jest trudne. Zapalenie stawów krzyżowo-biodrowych, a w szczególności zapalenie stawów kręgosłupa, nieczęste jednak u dzieci, może manifestować się bólem w dolnej części pleców. W takich przypadkach, u większości chorych zleca się zdjęcia radiograficzne stawów krzyżowo-biodrowych lub miednicy, mimo że bardziej dokładną metodą w diagnostyce zapalenia stawów krzyżowo-biodrowych jest badanie rezonansem magnetycznym. Faktu tego nie uwzględniono jednak ani w kryteriach klasyfikacyjnych, ani w rekomendacjach dotyczących diagnostyki obrazowej u pacjentów z młodzieńczymi spondyloartropatiami, podczas gdy zastosowanie rezonansu magnetycznego w diagnostyce dzieci i młodzieży z klinicznym podejrzeniem zapalenia stawów krzyżowo-biodrowych mogłoby poprawić wczesne wykrywanie choroby i wyniki leczenia. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia obraz radiologicznych młodzieńczych spondyloartropatii, w tym: młodzieńczego zesztywniającego zapalenia stawów kręgosłupa, młodzieńczego łuszczycowego zapalenia stawów, reaktywnego zapalenia stawów oraz młodzieńczych spondyloartropatii występujących w przebiegu zapalnych chorób jelit