10 research outputs found
UREA HIGH TEMPERATURE GREASE FOR AIRCRAFT
Purpose: The research results of the synthesis of multipurpose urea grease are based on synthetic oils for use in a wide temperature range, suitable for use in aviation engineering. Methods: The interaction of polyisocyanate with octadecylamine and benzylamine in a mixture of polyalphaolefin oil with pentaerythritol esters and fatty acids of the C5-C9 fraction was synthesized polyurea β thickener of urea greases. Its structure was established by IR spectroscopy. The method of derivational analysis was used to determine the upper temperature limit of grease application. The properties of grease are investigated by standard methods. Results: IR spectra of urea grease indicate that was applied for the synthesis of the thickener the ratio of reagents, leads to their full consumption during the reaction and allows to obtain urea with the maximum output. The nature of the curves of differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry indicates that the upper temperature limit for the application of urea grease made on a mixture of synthetic oils is at 200Β Β°C. It is established that the synthesis temperature and the ratio of the components of the thickener determine the thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of the system. By varying the molar ratio of the components of the urea thickener, it was possible to create a mechanical and colloidal stable lubricanting composition. The grease does not freeze to minus 50 Β°C, which is confirmed by the low viscosity at this temperature and the value the starting and the running torque of rotation of bearing. Applications of a multifunctional additive package allowed to enter a new qualitative level of tribological characteristics and resistance to oxidative conversions. Discussion: Researches shown that the properties of urea grease depend on not only on the nature and the ratio of the components of the urea thickener and the parameters of the process of its synthesis, but also on the balance of the lubricating composition as a whole with properly selected base oils and an additive package. The developed product with a high level of tribological, antioxidant and ecological characteristics meets the modern requirements for aviation greases and can be recommended for using in harsh operating conditions over a wide temperature range.</p
Π ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π½Π° Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ
In the interaction between stearic acid and diamines of different structure we synthesized amino amides. The composition and chemical structure were defined by the spectrometric methods of analysis. We demonstrated the possibility of applying the nitrogen-containing surface-active substances of plant origin as components of dispersed phase of urea thixotropic plastic systems. It was found that urea β a product of the interaction between amino amides of stearic acid and isocyanate β is an effective thickener of petroleum oils. The obtained urea greases are characterized by high levels of thermal, mechanical and colloidal stability.A prospect to saturate the market of lubricants with urea greases produced in Ukraine, using the components obtained from available bio raw materials, predetermined the research into creating balanced lubricating compositions of optimal formulation with correctly chosen basic oils, additives, and fillers.We developed a polyfunctional packet of oleo-additives consisting of sulphur-containing ethyl ester of higher fatty acids of rapeseed oil and the product of condensation of phosphatide concentrate with ethanolamine. It was found that the introduction of these products to the composition of grease on diurea improves its tribological characteristics and anti-oxidation properties, increases the level of biodegradation. Considering the given indicators, the new urea grease is better than some known commercially available analogous products.ΠΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ β ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π». ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ Π· ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ β Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ². ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ
Ecological Aspects of Coal Mining Enterprisesβ Activity in Conditions of Digitalization
The study is devoted to the environmental aspects of coal mining enterprisesβ activity in digitalization of economy. It substantiates the statement that the innovative development of coal mining enterprises should be based on the concept of greening economy and greening production. The authors proposed modern environmental and economic instruments of state environmental policy. It is substantiated that in order to ensure the effective functioning of coal mining enterprises, it is necessary to apply new digital tools of resource and environmental policies focused on the use of modern software and analytical technologies: optimization packages of applied programs, solving geo-economic problems of visualization of ecological-and-economic state and development of territories. The results of study presented in the paper allow reconciling the complex and controversial tasks of greening enterprises and territories, implementing an adequate local environmental policy, taking into account the human adaptation to harmful natural and man-made factors
ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ
Purpose: The research results of the synthesis of multipurpose urea grease are based on synthetic oils for use in a wide temperature range, suitable for use in aviation engineering. Methods: The interaction of polyisocyanate with octadecylamine and benzylamine in a mixture of polyalphaolefin oil with pentaerythritol esters and fatty acids of the C5-C9 fraction was synthesized polyurea β thickener of urea greases. Its structure was established by IR spectroscopy. The method of derivational analysis was used to determine the upper temperature limit of grease application. The properties of grease are investigated by standard methods. Results: IR spectra of urea grease indicate that was applied for the synthesis of the thickener the ratio of reagents, leads to their full consumption during the reaction and allows to obtain urea with the maximum output. The nature of the curves of differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry indicates that the upper temperature limit for the application of urea grease made on a mixture of synthetic oils is at 200Β Β°C. It is established that the synthesis temperature and the ratio of the components of the thickener determine the thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of the system. By varying the molar ratio of the components of the urea thickener, it was possible to create a mechanical and colloidal stable lubricanting composition. The grease does not freeze to minus 50 Β°C, which is confirmed by the low viscosity at this temperature and the value the starting and the running torque of rotation of bearing. Applications of a multifunctional additive package allowed to enter a new qualitative level of tribological characteristics and resistance to oxidative conversions. Discussion: Researches shown that the properties of urea grease depend on not only on the nature and the ratio of the components of the urea thickener and the parameters of the process of its synthesis, but also on the balance of the lubricating composition as a whole with properly selected base oils and an additive package. The developed product with a high level of tribological, antioxidant and ecological characteristics meets the modern requirements for aviation greases and can be recommended for using in harsh operating conditions over a wide temperature range.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Ρ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΠ·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘5-Π‘9 ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Ρ β Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ. Π‘Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΠΠ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π», Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ 200 ΠΎΠ‘. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ·Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ 50 ΠΎΠ‘, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°: ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ: ΠΠ·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡ Π· ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΡΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π· Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡ Π‘5-Π‘9 ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ β Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ». ΠΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ§-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ. ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ: ΠΠ§-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π· ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°, Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ², Π·Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ²Π½Ρ 200 ΠΎΠ‘. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π²Π΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡ 50 ΠΎΠ‘, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π²βΡΠ·ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ: ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Ρ, Π°Π»Π΅ ΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΄ Π·Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡ Π· ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. Π ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ Π· Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ» Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π² ΠΆΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ
Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΉ
The possibility of using the wastes of the oil and fat industry β phosphatide concentrates as components of lubricating materials was demonstrated in this paper. At the first stage, amidation of phosphatide concentrate from the purification of rapeseed oil by ethylene diamine was carried out using two procedures: without a catalyst and with the use of reagent-catalyst CaO.The samples of urea greases were subsequently synthesized by interaction of amidated phosphatide concentrates with polyisocyanate in the oil media. Aminoamides of fatty acids with polyisocyanate form urea dispersion phase of thixotropic systems, and glycerolphosphatides and calcium glycerolrophosphatides perform the function of tribological additives. The method of infrared spectroscopy proved that the full interaction between polyisocyanate and amidated phosphatide concentrate takes place at the molar ratio of 1:3.Physicochemical properties of the developed urea greases were studied and comparative analysis of their quality indicators with the Maspol brand lubricant was performed. The synthesized urea greases are characterized by high mechanical (a change in penetrations after moving of 100,000 double cycles of 42β45Β mmΒ·10-1), colloidal stability (5.2β5.6Β % of extracted oil) and high-temperature properties (dropping point above 230Β Β°C). In addition, these thixotropic systems are resistant to oxidation, do not cause corrosion of non-ferrous metals, and are able to operate in contact with water. Phosphorous residues improve the lubricating properties of synthesized compositions without any additional introduction of tribological modifiers (critical load is 980β1,039Β N, welding load β 1,568β1,744Β N). Due to the use of raw materials of plant origin in the composition of lubricating compositions, their biodegradation is enhanced by 6β7Β %Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ β ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Β ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ: Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° CaO.Π Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΊ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°. ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π° Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 1: 3 ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Β ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ». Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅Β ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ (ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 100000 Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² 42β45Β ΠΌΠΌΒ·10-1), ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ (5,2β5,6% Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°) ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ (ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 230ΒΊΠ‘). ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ. Π€ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΒ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ° β 980β1039 Π, Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β 1568β1744 Π). ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Β ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° 6β7Β %Π ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ β ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ: Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ° Π·Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° CaO.Π£ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π° Π³Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠ° Π³Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ§-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ° Π°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ 1:3 Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π° Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ.ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π· ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ». Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ (Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ 100Β 000 ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ² 42β45Β ΠΌΠΌΒ·10-1), ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ (5,2β5,6Β % Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ) ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ (ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ 230Β Β°Π‘). ΠΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ, Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ Π· Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ. Π€ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ² (ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ β 980β1039Β Π, Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ β 1568β1744Β Π). ΠΠ°Π²Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡ
Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° 6β7Β
THE USE OF OIL AND FAT WASTE IN TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The paper shows the possibility of efficiently using oilseed production and processing waste. The methods of chemical transformation of by-products of oil and fat production into technological systems for sustainable development have been developed. They have been used to create surfactants and lubricant systems for hydrocarbon production and wwllorkover of wells; polyfunctional additives used as components of lubricants and cutting fluids to improve their antioxidant, extreme pressure, antiwear, lubricating, and cooling properties of metalworking processes. Technological systems have been developed that, along with increased functional properties, have improved biodegradability and caused minimal environmental harm
Synthesis and Properties of Urea Greases Based on Aminoamides of Plant Oil Phosphatides
The possibility of using the wastes of the oil and fat industry β phosphatide concentrates as components of lubricating materials was demonstrated in this paper. At the first stage, amidation of phosphatide concentrate from the purification of rapeseed oil by ethylene diamine was carried out using two procedures: without a catalyst and with the use of reagent-catalyst CaO.The samples of urea greases were subsequently synthesized by interaction of amidated phosphatide concentrates with polyisocyanate in the oil media. Aminoamides of fatty acids with polyisocyanate form urea dispersion phase of thixotropic systems, and glycerolphosphatides and calcium glycerolrophosphatides perform the function of tribological additives. The method of infrared spectroscopy proved that the full interaction between polyisocyanate and amidated phosphatide concentrate takes place at the molar ratio of 1:3.Physicochemical properties of the developed urea greases were studied and comparative analysis of their quality indicators with the Maspol brand lubricant was performed. The synthesized urea greases are characterized by high mechanical (a change in penetrations after moving of 100,000 double cycles of 42β45 mmΒ·10-1), colloidal stability (5.2β5.6 % of extracted oil) and high-temperature properties (dropping point above 230 Β°C). In addition, these thixotropic systems are resistant to oxidation, do not cause corrosion of non-ferrous metals, and are able to operate in contact with water. Phosphorous residues improve the lubricating properties of synthesized compositions without any additional introduction of tribological modifiers (critical load is 980β1,039 N, welding load β 1,568β1,744 N). Due to the use of raw materials of plant origin in the composition of lubricating compositions, their biodegradation is enhanced by 6β7
Los Derechos Humanos y las libertades en la ConstituciΓ³n de Rumania de 1866
The purpose of the article is the analysis of the provisions of the first Constitution of Romania of 1866 in terms of guaranteeing of Human Rights and freedoms by the state. The article points out that the adoption of the Constitution of 1866 became a fateful state legal act for the entire Romanian people, since it meant a radical change in the ratio of external and internal factors in the state-building process of the Romanian state. To achieve this goal, general scientific and special-scientific methods of cognition were used, in particular, dialectical-legal-comparative, legal-formal. It has been determined that the accepted Constitution in 1866 in terms of guaranteeing Human Rights and freedoms has had a truly liberal character and has become the progressive state-legal act for the state-building process of Romania; the need to follow the norms of the Basic Law gradually have made constitutionalism as the form of thinking, which has contributed to the further expansion of democratic rights and freedoms and the development of the democratic views in the country
Development of Compositions of Urea Greases on Aminoamides of Fatty Acids
In the interaction between stearic acid and diamines of different structure we synthesized amino amides. The composition and chemical structure were defined by the spectrometric methods of analysis. We demonstrated the possibility of applying the nitrogen-containing surface-active substances of plant origin as components of dispersed phase of urea thixotropic plastic systems. It was found that urea β a product of the interaction between amino amides of stearic acid and isocyanate β is an effective thickener of petroleum oils. The obtained urea greases are characterized by high levels of thermal, mechanical and colloidal stability.A prospect to saturate the market of lubricants with urea greases produced in Ukraine, using the components obtained from available bio raw materials, predetermined the research into creating balanced lubricating compositions of optimal formulation with correctly chosen basic oils, additives, and fillers.We developed a polyfunctional packet of oleo-additives consisting of sulphur-containing ethyl ester of higher fatty acids of rapeseed oil and the product of condensation of phosphatide concentrate with ethanolamine. It was found that the introduction of these products to the composition of grease on diurea improves its tribological characteristics and anti-oxidation properties, increases the level of biodegradation. Considering the given indicators, the new urea grease is better than some known commercially available analogous products