Sebastes oculatus, Patagonian Rockfish

This demersal, reef-associated species is common and abundant through much of its range. It is taken in fisheries at relatively low levels and may be impacted by invasive salmon. Global-level declines are not considered to be approaching a Near Threatened or threatened level at this time; therefore, it is listed as Least Concern.Fil: Buratti, C.. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Díaz de Astarloa, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Hüne, M.. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Irigoyen, Alejo Joaquin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Landaeta, M.. Universidad de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Riestra, C.. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Vieira, J. P.. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande.; Brasi

Acanthistius patachonicus, Patagonian Grouper

This rocky reef species has a relatively small range from southern Brazil to central Argentina. It is long- lived and the estimated generation length is 28.5 years. Large commercial fisheries targeted spawning aggregations of this species in the 1980s and 1990s until abundance steeply declined to the point where the market was no longer viable and at least four large areas where spawning aggregations were heavily depleted. Currently, it continues to be targeted by artisanal and industrial fisheries. The implementation of effective fishing area closures, both permanent and seasonal, in the El Rincón area is considered to provide a high level of protection for half of the global population of this species. According to fisher interviews, some level of population decline occurred within the past 40 years, or over a little more than one generation length ago. The lack of fisheries data, including a stock assessment, and the low level of understanding of the status of historical and current spawning aggregations prevents the estimation of percent population decline at this time. A secondary threat may be the reduction of habitat quality due to the invasive alga Undaria pinnatifida on shallow reefs, which has spread through much of its range. It is listed as Data Deficient with a strong recommendation to improve fishery monitoring and to conduct studies on spawning aggregations.Fil: Irigoyen, Alejo Joaquin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Riestra, C.. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Buratti, C.. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Díaz de Astarloa, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Hüne, M.. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Landaeta, M.. Universidad de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Vieira, J. P.. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande.; Brasi

Sprattus fuegensis, Fuegian Sprat

This coastal, pelagic species is widely distributed in the southwestern Atlantic and southeastern Pacific. It is short-lived and has an estimated generation length of 3-4 years. It is targeted by commercial, artisanal fisheries in the northern part of its range in Chile. Total biomass has declined by about 40% over the past three generation lengths, or since 2006, in the Lakes Region of Chile, and that stock is considered overfished. However, it is not targeted elsewhere in its range at this time, including in the area that contains the largest proportion of its global population. Fishing activity is not expected to be driving global-level declines approaching a Near Threatened or threatened level at this time; therefore, it is listed as Least Concern. However, fishing effort may expand further south where it remains abundant, and this is a concern.Fil: Buratti, C.. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Díaz de Astarloa, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Hüne, M.. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Irigoyen, Alejo Joaquin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Landaeta, M.. Universidad de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Riestra, C.. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Vieira, J. P.. Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande.; BrasilFil: Di Dario, F.. Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Brasi

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

FIGURE 3 in On the status of the species of Acanthistius (Gill, 1862) (Percoidei) in the South-West Atlantic Ocean

FIGURE 3. Photographs of Acanthistius brasilianus, recently caught (top) and in its natural habitat, Arraial do Cabo, Brazil, March 2007 (bottom)

The "Tracked Roaming Transect" and distance sampling methods increase the efficiency of underwater visual censuses.

Underwater visual census (UVC) is the most common approach for estimating diversity, abundance and size of reef fishes in shallow and clear waters. Abundance estimation through UVC is particularly problematic in species occurring at low densities and/or highly aggregated because of their high variability at both spatial and temporal scales. The statistical power of experiments involving UVC techniques may be increased by augmenting the number of replicates or the area surveyed. In this work we present and test the efficiency of an UVC method based on diver towed GPS, the Tracked Roaming Transect (TRT), designed to maximize transect length (and thus the surveyed area) with respect to diving time invested in monitoring, as compared to Conventional Strip Transects (CST). Additionally, we analyze the effect of increasing transect width and length on the precision of density estimates by comparing TRT vs. CST methods using different fixed widths of 6 and 20 m (FW3 and FW10, respectively) and the Distance Sampling (DS) method, in which perpendicular distance of each fish or group of fishes to the transect line is estimated by divers up to 20 m from the transect line. The TRT was 74% more time and cost efficient than the CST (all transect widths considered together) and, for a given time, the use of TRT and/or increasing the transect width increased the precision of density estimates. In addition, since with the DS method distances of fishes to the transect line have to be estimated, and not measured directly as in terrestrial environments, errors in estimations of perpendicular distances can seriously affect DS density estimations. To assess the occurrence of distance estimation errors and their dependence on the observer's experience, a field experiment using wooden fish models was performed. We tested the precision and accuracy of density estimators based on fixed widths and the DS method. The accuracy of the estimates was measured comparing the actual total abundance with those estimated by divers using FW3, FW10, and DS estimators. Density estimates differed by 13% (range 0.1-31%) from the actual values (average = 13.09%; median = 14.16%). Based on our results we encourage the use of the Tracked Roaming Transect with Distance Sampling (TRT+DS) method for improving density estimates of species occurring at low densities and/or highly aggregated, as well as for exploratory rapid-assessment surveys in which divers could gather spatial ecological and ecosystem information on large areas during UVC

Spatial coefficients of variation in counts.

<p>Coefficients of spatial variation in fish counts estimated by the mixed-effect models used to evaluate the effects of time-of-day and tidal level, and by the random-effect models used to estimate variability at different temporal scales.</p

Spatial and temporal components of variability.

<p>Standard deviations (SDs) of spatial and temporal components of variability, and their percent contribution (%VC) to total variance for each species. The number of replicates (i.e., number of reefs censused) for each species is indicated in the “Transects” column. The significance of the variance components is indicated in the column denoted with “p”: ns =  not significant (p>0.05), *  =  significant (p<0.05), **  =  highly significant (p<0.01), ***  =  very highly significant (p<0.001). The instantaneous variation was estimated as the residual error of the nested random models; therefore its significance was not evaluated.</p

Effects of Time-of-day and Tide on fish counts.

<p>Fixed-effect coefficients for levels afternoon and high-tide, and their significance (in parenthesis), and standard deviation (SD) of spatial and residual components of variability. The number of replicates (i.e., number of reefs censused) for each data set is indicated in the “Transects” column. Significance is indicated as: ns = not significant (p>0.05), *  =  significant (p<0.05), **  =  highly significant (p<0.01). Spatial variation was highly significant in all cases.</p