Freedom and Slavery in Early Islamic Time (1st/7th and 2nd/8th centuries)

This article focuses on two topics: the presumption of freedom in the “literary period” (from the 8th century on) and the question of enslavement, sale, bondage or self-dedition of free persons in the “pre-literary period” (7th and 8th centuries). Based on the assumption that the legal practice in Late Antiquity influenced the discussions of the early Muslim jurists I will try to reconstruct the legal discourse of the 1st/7th and 2nd/ 8th centuries and to show that this discourse comprised interesting legal opinions with regard to the sale of children, debt-bondage and the legal position of foundlings. In the legal literature which emerged from the 2nd/8th century the jurists did not, as one would expect, deal intensively with the topic. Thus there is, as will be shown, a certain inconsistency between the lively and controversial discourse in the “pre-literary period” on the topic, which will be reconstructed in this article, and the marginalization of the topic in the legal literature afterwards.Este artículo se centra en dos cuestiones: por un lado, la presunción de libertad en el «período literario» (desde el s. VIII en adelante); y, por otro, la cuestión de la esclavización, venta o servidumbre —voluntaria o no— de personas libres en la «época preliteraria» (ss. VII y VIII). Asumiendo de partida la idea de que la práctica legal en la Antigüedad Tardía influyó en las discusiones de los primeros juristas musulmanes, trataré de reconstruir el discurso legal de los siglos I/VII y II/VIII y de mostrar que ese discurso contenía interesantes opiniones legales en relación a la venta de niños, servidumbre por deudas y la situación legal de los huérfanos. En la literatura legal que emergió desde el s. II/VIII los juristas, al contrario de lo que se hubiese esperado, no trataron estas cuestiones intensamente. Tal y como se muestra, existe una cierta inconsistencia entre el discurso ameno y controvertido sobre el tema del «período preliterario», que se reconstruye en este artículo, y la marginalización del tema en la literatura legal posterior

Diskussionsbeitrag zur Debatte der DGfE „Inklusion als Herausforderung für die Erziehungswissenschaft“

Ein Kommentar zur Debatte der DGfE „Inklusion als Herausforderung für die Erziehungswissenschaft“

Ergebnisse der Befragungen auditierter Unternehmen und Institutionen:Kurzfassung und Ergänzung zum FFP-Arbeitspapier Nr. 3

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Multicenter Evaluation of the QIAstat-Dx Respiratory Panel for the Detection of Viruses and Bacteria in Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens

The QIAstat-Dx Respiratory Panel (QIAstat-Dx RP) is a multiplex in vitro diagnostic test for the qualitative detection of 20 pathogens directly from nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens. The assay is performed using a simple sample-to-answer platform with results available in approximately 69 min. The pathogens identified are adenovirus, coronavirus 229E, coronavirus HKU1, coronavirus NL63, coronavirus OC43, human metapneumovirus A and B, influenza A, influenza A H1, influenza A H3, influenza A H1N1/2009, influenza B, parainfluenza virus 1, parainfluenza virus 2, parainfluenza virus 3, parainfluenza virus 4, rhinovirus/enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This multicenter evaluation provides data obtained from 1,994 prospectively collected and 310 retrospectively collected (archived) NPS specimens with performance compared to that of the BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel, version 1.7. The overall percent agreement between QIAstat-Dx RP and the comparator testing was 99.5%. In the prospective cohort, the QIAstat-Dx RP demonstrated a positive percent agreement of 94.0% or greater for the detection of all but four analytes: coronaviruses 229E, NL63, and OC43 and rhinovirus/enterovirus. The test also demonstrated a negative percent agreement of ≥97.9% for all analytes. The QIAstat-Dx RP is a robust and accurate assay for rapid, comprehensive testing for respiratory pathogens

Student Acceptance of Using Augmented Reality Applications for Learning in Pharmacy: A Pilot Study

Creating engaging learning experiences that are easy to use and support the different learning requirements of university students is challenging. However, improvements in simulation technologies, such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), are making such changes possible. The aim of this study is to use a mobile-based AR technology to develop an interactive learning module about contraceptive devices and medicines and to measure its acceptability and usability by undergraduate pharmacy students. The learning module comprising AR images of contraceptive medicines, case studies relating to their use and a series of directed questions was completed by 33 pharmacy students. Students answered a survey to collect information about the usability and acceptability of AR for learning. The results show that the majority of students reported that AR is a useful resource for learning about medicines compared to more traditional methods, such as didactic lectures and tutorials. Students indicated that the AR application was easy to use and improved their knowledge of medicines. These findings suggest that AR technology is a useful tool to create engaging and easy to use learning experiences for university students

Quasi 2D electronic states with high spin-polarization in centrosymmetric MoS2_2 bulk crystals

Time reversal dictates that nonmagnetic, centrosymmetric crystals cannot be spin-polarized as a whole. However, it has been recently shown that the electronic structure in these crystals can in fact show regions of high spin-polarization, as long as it is probed locally in real and in reciprocal space. In this article we present the first observation of this type of compensated polarization in MoS$_2$ bulk crystals. Using spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) we directly observed a spin-polarization of more than 65% for distinct valleys in the electronic band structure. By additionally evaluating the probing depth of our method we find that these valence band states at the $\overline{\text{K}}$ point in the Brillouin zone are close to fully polarized for the individual atomic trilayers of MoS$_2$, which is confirmed by our density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, we show that this spin-layer locking leads to the observation of highly spin-polarized bands in ARPES since these states are almost completely confined within two dimensions. Our findings prove that these highly desired properties of MoS$_2$ can be accessed without thinning it down to the monolayer limit

Der berufundfamilie-Index – ein Instrument zur Messung des betrieblichen Familienbewusstseins

Angestoßen durch die demografische Entwicklung und deren absehbaren volkswirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Folgen ist die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie in den vergangenen Jahren in Deutschland von einer eher randständigen Position ins Zentrum der deutschen Reformdiskussion gerückt. Unternehmen nehmen sich hierbei zunehmend als eigenständige Akteure wahr, die durch betriebsinterne Vereinbarkeitsmodelle dazu beitragen, die Elternschaft respektive die Pflege Familienangehöriger mit dem Berufsleben ihrer Mitarbeiter zu harmonisieren – unabhängig von staatlichen Reglementierungen und Steuerungsmodellen. Die in diesem Zusammenhang vertrauten Schlüsselbegriffe wie Familienbewusstsein, Familienorientierung oder Familienfreundlichkeit werden zwar häufig – und scheinbar synonym – verwendet, eine semantische Abgrenzung sowie eine detaillierte Betrachtung bleiben jedoch aus. Darüber hinaus fehlen valide Messinstrumente, die Aussagen darüber ermöglichen, ob und inwiefern Unternehmen familienbewusst sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund erscheint es von zentraler Bedeutung, Familienbewusstsein grundlegend zu konzeptualisieren und zu operationalisieren. Der vorliegende Beitrag soll zur Schließung dieser Forschungslücke beitragen.Due to the demographic development in Germany, the importance of reconciling work and family is constantly increasing. Companies progressively more perceive themselves as independent players, who contribute to the reconcilability of work and family by the use of family-friendly policies, independent from governmental regimentations and steering models. The keywords which are familiar in this context – Familienbewusstsein, Familienorientierung, Familienfreundlichkeit – are often and seemingly synonymously used but neither differentiated from each other nor in detail filled with meaning and content. Furthermore, attempts to state whether or not and in how far companies are family-friendly – in other words attempts to measure family consciousness – are missing. Taking this deficiency into account, it is of vital importance to conceptualise and operationalise family consciousness. This article aims at closing this gap