Ο Σχεδιασμός της συμμετοχικής και παιγνιοποιημένης πλατφόρμας «Calypso» για την επαλήθευση των ψευδών ειδήσεων.

Το CALYPSO είναι ένα έργο ευρωπαϊκής συνεργασίας που στοχεύει στη δημιουργία ενός περιβάλλοντος crowdsourcing, στο οποίο οι πολίτες μπορούν να συμβάλλουν στην καταπολέμηση της παραπληροφόρησης, συμμετέχοντας σε μία διαδικτυακή πλατφόρμα με στοιχεία παιγνιοποίησης. Το έργο βασίζεται στην συνεργασία και τις δεξιότητες των αναγνωστών/πολιτών, των δημοσιογράφων/fact-checkers και των εμπειρογνωμόνων. Οι πολίτες υποβάλλουν στην πλατφόρμα ύποπτες ειδήσεις, τις οποίες οι fact-checkers σε συνεργασία με τους εμπειρογνώμονες επαληθεύουν, αποκαλύπτοντας εκστρατείες και μηνύματα παραπληροφόρησης σε πραγματικό χρόνο. Με τον τρόπο αυτό, αποκαθιστούν γρήγορα την αλήθεια και ελαχιστοποιούν τον αντίκτυπο των ψευδών ειδήσεων στην κοινωνία. Η παρούσα εργασία αφορά την διαδικασία σχεδιασμού της πλατφόρμας CALYPSO, με γνώμονα την Μεθοδολογία Ανθρωποκεντρικού Σχεδιασμού. Η χρήση της Μεθοδολογίας του Ανθρωποκεντρικού Σχεδιασμού έχει στόχο την ευχρηστία του συστήματος και την ικανοποίηση των τελικών χρηστών. Οι φάσεις της μεθοδολογίας που αναλύονται στην παρούσα εργασία είναι η φάση της συλλογής και ανάλυσης των απαιτήσεων των χρηστών, καθώς και η φάση του σχεδιασμού. Η φάση της αξιολόγησης του σχεδιασμού της πλατφόρμας θα ολοκληρωθεί σε επόμενο στάδιο του έργου και δεν συμπεριλαμβάνεται εξ ολοκλήρου. Σε πρώτο στάδιο εξετάζονται οι συνθήκες στο επικοινωνιακό τοπίο όσον αφορά την παραπληροφόρηση και οι σύγχρονες απειλές για την δημοσιογραφία σε ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο. Στην συνέχεια ακολουθεί συζήτηση για τις ευκαιρίες που αναδύονται μέσα από την δημοσιογραφία των πολιτών, την δημιουργία κοινοτήτων πρακτικής, καθώς επίσης και την χρήση στοιχείων παιγνιποίησης στην δημοσιογραφία και την παιδεία στα μέσα ενημέρωσης. Στο κύριο σώμα της εργασίας αναλύονται οι φάσεις του σχεδιασμού της πλατφόρμας CALYPSO και τέλος ακολουθούν τα συμπεράσματα που αναδείχθηκαν κατά τα πρώτα στάδια υλοποίησης του έργου CALYPSO.CALYPSO is a European cooperation project that aims to create a crowdsourcing environment in which citizens can contribute to the fight against misinformation by participating in an online platform with gamification elements. The project relies on the cooperation and skills of readers/citizens, journalists/fact-checkers and experts. Citizens submit suspicious news to the platform, which fact-checkers in cooperation with experts verify, revealing disinformation campaigns and messages in real time. In this way, they quickly restore the truth and minimise the impact of fake news on society. This thesis is about the design process of the CALYPSO platform, guided by the Human-Centered Design Methodology. The use of the Human-Centered Design Methodology is aimed at the usability of the system and the satisfaction of the end users. The phases of the methodology discussed in this thesis are the user requirements gathering and analysis phase and the design phase. The platform design evaluation phase will be completed at a later stage of the project and is not included in its entirety. In the first stage, the conditions in the communication landscape with regard to misinformation and the current threats to journalism at European level are examined. This is followed by a discussion on the opportunities emerging through citizen journalism, the creation of communities of practice, as well as the use of gamification elements in journalism and media literacy. The main body of the thesis discusses the design phases of the CALYPSO platform and finally follows the conclusions that emerged during the first stages of the CALYPSO project implementation

Genome-wide association study identifies 25 known breast cancer susceptibility loci as risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative (TN) breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer associated with a unique set of epidemiologic and genetic risk factors. We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of TN breast cancer (stage 1: 1529 TN cases, 3399 controls; stage 2: 2148 cases, 1309 controls) to identify loci that influence TN breast cancer risk. Variants in the 19p13.1 and PTHLH loci showed genome-wide significant associations (P < 5 × 10− 8) in stage 1 and 2 combined. Results also suggested a substantial enrichment of significantly associated variants among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed in stage 2. Variants from 25 of 74 known breast cancer susceptibility loci were also associated with risk of TN breast cancer (P < 0.05). Associations with TN breast cancer were confirmed for 10 loci (LGR6, MDM4, CASP8, 2q35, 2p24.1, TERT-rs10069690, ESR1, TOX3, 19p13.1, RALY), and we identified associations with TN breast cancer for 15 additional breast cancer loci (P < 0.05: PEX14, 2q24.1, 2q31.1, ADAM29, EBF1, TCF7L2, 11q13.1, 11q24.3, 12p13.1, PTHLH, NTN4, 12q24, BRCA2, RAD51L1-rs2588809, MKL1). Further, two SNPs independent of previously reported signals in ESR1 [rs12525163 odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, P = 4.9 × 10− 4] and 19p13.1 (rs1864112 OR = 0.84, P = 1.8 × 10− 9) were associated with TN breast cancer. A polygenic risk score (PRS) for TN breast cancer based on known breast cancer risk variants showed a 4-fold difference in risk between the highest and lowest PRS quintiles (OR = 4.03, 95% confidence interval 3.46–4.70, P = 4.8 × 10− 69). This translates to an absolute risk for TN breast cancer ranging from 0.8% to 3.4%, suggesting that genetic variation may be used for TN breast cancer risk prediction

Genome-wide association study identifies 25 known breast cancer susceptibility loci as risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative (TN) breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer associated with a unique set of epidemiologic and genetic risk factors. We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of TN breast cancer (stage 1: 1529 TN cases, 3399 controls; stage 2: 2148 cases, 1309 controls) to identify loci that influence TN breast cancer risk. Variants in the 19p13.1 and PTHLH loci showed genome-wide significant associations (P &lt; 5 × 10(-) (8)) in stage 1 and 2 combined. Results also suggested a substantial enrichment of significantly associated variants among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed in stage 2. Variants from 25 of 74 known breast cancer susceptibility loci were also associated with risk of TN breast cancer (P &lt; 0.05). Associations with TN breast cancer were confirmed for 10 loci (LGR6, MDM4, CASP8, 2q35, 2p24.1, TERT-rs10069690, ESR1, TOX3, 19p13.1, RALY), and we identified associations with TN breast cancer for 15 additional breast cancer loci (P &lt; 0.05: PEX14, 2q24.1, 2q31.1, ADAM29, EBF1, TCF7L2, 11q13.1, 11q24.3, 12p13.1, PTHLH, NTN4, 12q24, BRCA2, RAD51L1-rs2588809, MKL1). Further, two SNPs independent of previously reported signals in ESR1 [rs12525163 odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, P = 4.9 × 10(-) (4)] and 19p13.1 (rs1864112 OR = 0.84, P = 1.8 × 10(-) (9)) were associated with TN breast cancer. A polygenic risk score (PRS) for TN breast cancer based on known breast cancer risk variants showed a 4-fold difference in risk between the highest and lowest PRS quintiles (OR = 4.03, 95% confidence interval 3.46-4.70, P = 4.8 × 10(-) (69)). This translates to an absolute risk for TN breast cancer ranging from 0.8% to 3.4%, suggesting that genetic variation may be used for TN breast cancer risk prediction

Genome-wide association study identifies 25 known breast cancer susceptibility loci as risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer

In a genome-wide scan, we show that 30 variants in 25 genomic regions are associated with risk of TN breast cancer. Women carrying many of the risk variants may have 4-fold increased risk relative to women with few variants.Triple-negative (TN) breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer associated with a unique set of epidemiologic and genetic risk factors. We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of TN breast cancer (stage 1: 1529 TN cases, 3399 controls; stage 2: 2148 cases, 1309 controls) to identify loci that influence TN breast cancer risk. Variants in the 19p13.1 and PTHLH loci showed genome-wide significant associations (P &lt; 5 x 10(-) (8)) in stage 1 and 2 combined. Results also suggested a substantial enrichment of significantly associated variants among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed in stage 2. Variants from 25 of 74 known breast cancer susceptibility loci were also associated with risk of TN breast cancer (P &lt; 0.05). Associations with TN breast cancer were confirmed for 10 loci (LGR6, MDM4, CASP8, 2q35, 2p24.1, TERT-rs10069690, ESR1, TOX3, 19p13.1, RALY), and we identified associations with TN breast cancer for 15 additional breast cancer loci (P &lt; 0.05: PEX14, 2q24.1, 2q31.1, ADAM29, EBF1, TCF7L2, 11q13.1, 11q24.3, 12p13.1, PTHLH, NTN4, 12q24, BRCA2, RAD51L1-rs2588809, MKL1). Further, two SNPs independent of previously reported signals in ESR1 [rs12525163 odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, P = 4.9 x 10(-) (4)] and 19p13.1 (rs1864112 OR = 0.84, P = 1.8 x 10(-) (9)) were associated with TN breast cancer. A polygenic risk score (PRS) for TN breast cancer based on known breast cancer risk variants showed a 4-fold difference in risk between the highest and lowest PRS quintiles (OR = 4.03, 95% confidence interval 3.46-4.70, P = 4.8 x 10(-) (69)). This translates to an absolute risk for TN breast cancer ranging from 0.8% to 3.4%, suggesting that genetic variation may be used for TN breast cancer risk prediction

Genome-wide association study identifies 25 known breast cancer susceptibility loci as risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative (TN) breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer associated with a unique set of epidemiologic and genetic risk factors. We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of TN breast cancer (stage 1: 1529 TN cases, 3399 controls; stage 2: 2148 cases, 1309 controls) to identify loci that influence TN breast cancer risk. Variants in the 19p13.1 and PTHLH loci showed genome-wide significant associations (P < 5 x 10-8) in stage 1 and 2 combined. Results also suggested a substantial enrichment of significantly associated variants among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed in stage 2. Variants from 25 of 74 known breast cancer susceptibility loci were also associated with risk of TN breast cancer (P < 0.05). Associations with TN breast cancer were confirmed for 10 loci (LGR6, MDM4, CASP8, 2q35, 2p24.1, TERT-rs10069690, ESR1, TOX3, 19p13.1, RALY), and we identified associations with TN breast cancer for 15 additional breast cancer loci (P &lt; 0.05: PEX14, 2q24.1, 2q31.1, ADAM29, EBF1, TCF7L2, 11q13.1, 11q24.3, 12p13.1, PTHLH, NTN4, 12q24, BRCA2, RAD51L1-rs2588809, MKL1). Further, two SNPs independent of previously reported signals in ESR1 rs12525163 odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, P = 4.9 x 10-4 and 19p13.1 (rs1864112 OR = 0.84, P = 1.8 x 10-9) were associated with TN breast cancer. A polygenic risk score (PRS) for TN breast cancer based on known breast cancer risk variants showed a 4-fold difference in risk between the highest and lowest PRS quintiles (OR = 4.03, 95% confidence interval 3.46-4.70, P = 4.8 x 10-69). This translates to an absolute risk for TN breast cancer ranging from 0.8% to 3.4%, suggesting that genetic variation may be used for TN breast cancer risk prediction