Reflecting on (the challenge of) conducting participatory research as a research-degree student

Participatory research appeals to notions of community empowerment and of generating more valid data grounded in the lived experiences of communities. For research-degree students, however, implementing such an approach can complicate an already challenging endeavour. Participatory research may juxtapose the institutional mechanisms surrounding a research degree and provide practical barriers to research-degree students. Reflecting on my own experience attempting to conduct a piece of participatory research for my doctoral research, this article concludes that participation should be viewed as an expansive concept and that any meaningful attempt to progress along a continuum of participation should be recognized and encourage

Supporting the Fans: Learning-disability, Football Fandom and Social Exclusion

In Britain, within the contemporary drive of using sport to tackle the isolation of socially excluded groups, association football (football) fandom has been implicated in many policy documents as a possible site for learning-disabled people to become more socially included. However, whilst there is some evidence of the benefits of playing football for learning-disabled people, there is little evidence to support these claims. Drawing on empirical data from learning-disabled people about their experiences of football fandom and from relevant authorities responsible for facilitating the fandom of learning-disabled people, this thesis provides a critical analysis of the opportunities to tackle social exclusion that football fandom provides learning-disabled people. This includes examining the experience of football fandom for the learning-disabled people involved, any opportunities for social inclusion football fandom provides, and the response of relevant football authorities to learning-disabled fans. The thesis concludes that whilst football fandom offers social benefits to learning-disabled people in terms of opportunities for social interaction, a sense of belonging and a shared social identity that go some way towards tackling their social exclusion, football fandom is unlikely to result in the 'social inclusion' characterised by Government

Volunteering as a public health issue: Barriers to participation

Introduction Volunteering is acknowledged to benefit individual, community, and population health and wellbeing. However, those who have the most to gain from volunteering are often least likely to take part. There are questions about how to ensure all groups, especially those who experience social exclusion, can benefit from volunteering. This presentation reports on a rapid review of volunteering, public health and inequalities, with a focus on the barriers to volunteering experienced by population groups with characteristics protected under the Equality Act 2010 (i.e. age, disability, gender, pregnancy/maternity, ethnicity, relationship status, religion, sexual orientation). Methods A rapid review of evidence describing barriers to volunteering experienced by each of the ‘protected characteristics’ was undertaken. After searching and screening, 98 relevant papers were identified across peer-reviewed and grey literature. Data were extracted and evidence synthesised across each of the groups. Results A varied number of papers were identified for each protected characteristic. ‘Age’ (n=23) and ‘sexual orientation’ (n=0) and ‘pregnancy/maternity’ (n=0) were the most and least common respectively. The greatest number of barriers were identified for ‘age’, ‘disability’, and ‘gender’, possibly due to limited research in other areas. There were some cross cutting barriers but also distinct barriers were identified in relation to specific groups. Conclusion Barriers to volunteering are not experienced homogenously within or across protected characteristic groups. The relationship between protected characteristics and barriers to volunteering is complex. The findings help identify appropriate processes promoting social inclusion to ensure all groups can benefit from volunteering. Funding was provided by Volunteering Matters

Effect of steel hardness on soot wear

Due to incomplete combustion, high levels of soot can accumulate in engine lubricants between drain intervals. This soot can promote wear of engine parts such as timing chains and cam followers. One standard approach to reducing wear is to increase the hardness of the rubbing components used. According to the Archard wear equation, wear rate should be broadly inversely proportional to hardness. To explore this approach for controlling soot wear, wear tests have been conducted in a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) with HFRR steel discs of various hardness against a hard steel ball. Carbon black (soot surrogate) dispersions in model lubricants based on solutions of ZDDP and dispersant in GTL base oils have been studied. Wear volumes have been measured and wear scars and tribofilms analysed using scanning white light interferometry and SEM-EDS. It is found that, while most oils show wear that reduces with increasing hardness, for blends that contain both ZDDP and carbon black, wear rate markedly increases with disc hardness as the latter approaches the hardness of the ball. The results support the prevalence of a corrosive-abrasive wear mechanism when carbon black and ZDDP are both present in a lubricant and suggests that selection of very hard surfaces may not be a useful way to control soot