On two-sided monogenic functions of axial type

In this paper we study two-sided (left and right) axially symmetric solutions of a generalized Cauchy-Riemann operator. We present three methods to obtain special solutions: via the Cauchy-Kowalevski extension theorem, via plane wave integrals and Funk-Hecke's formula and via primitivation. Each of these methods is effective enough to generate all the polynomial solutions.Comment: 17 pages, accepted for publication in Moscow Mathematical Journa

Incentives for nature conservation in urban landscapes

The aim of this article is to contribute to the development of ecological-economic incentives in conservation policy. Our approach uses strategies for establishing habitat networks as an example to develop spatially-oriented incentives in urban landscapes. The incentives should ideally consider aspects both of ecological effectiveness and economic efficiency. Our understanding of ecological-economic incentives reaches beyond this stage: not only must economic incentives in environmental policy be based on ecological knowledge, but also, they have to consider social aspects of implementation and acceptance. The ecological analysis of strategies for species protection in urban landscapes leads to management recommendations as a basis for the specification of environmental policy goals. Based on ecological knowledge, which shows where to invest scarce resources, the economic perspective aims at analysing and evaluating environmental policy instruments for their suitability and efficiency. The ecological and economic research is to be combined with a sociological approach, which investigates the choice and application of environmental policy measures as a system of social action. The analysis of problems of implementation and acceptance will be used to support the introduction of new instruments or to improve existing incentive systems related to nature conservation in urban landscapes. For this purpose, a survey was carried out on the use of environmental policy instruments (regulation, planning, economic incentives, communication, information) in German cities in 1997. Furthermore, two existing economic instruments in German nature protection policy are analysed in detail: the compensation charge as part of the impact regulation and incentive programmes on the level of the German federal states that offer financial incentive measures for nature protection. --

Milk

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Subsurface flows associated with rotating sunspots

In this paper, we compare components of the horizontal flow below the solar surface in and around regions consisting of rotating and non-rotating sunspots. Our analysis suggests that there is a significant variation in both components of the horizontal flow at the beginning of sunspot rotation as compared to the non-rotating sunspot. In most cases, the flows in surrounding areas are relatively small. However, there is a significant influence of the motion on flows in an area closest to the sunspot rotation.Comment: 4 pages including 3 figures; Proceedings of IAU Symposium 273 "Physics of Sun and Star Spots" Eds. D.P. Choudhary and K.G. Strassmeie

Usage of link-level performance indicators for HSDPA network-level simulations in E-UMTS

The paper describes integration of HSDPA (high-speed downlink packet access) link-level simulation results into network-level simulations for enhanced UMTS. The link-level simulations model all physical layer features depicted in the 3GPP standards. These include: generation of transport blocks; turbo coding; rate matching; spreading; scrambling; modulation. At the receiver side, all complementary blocks are designed, with soft-decision demodulation, and a turbo decoder using the MAP (maximum a posteriori) algorithm with 8 iterations. An analytical formula is defined that fits the CQI (channel quality indicator) dependent BLER (block error rate) versus E/sub b//N/sub 0/ results in an AWGN channel. This formula models the physical layer in the network-level simulator. A further extension for frequency selective fading channels has been defined. The network-level simulator includes propagation models that provide SNR values. Based on these SNR values and the simplified physical layer model, an algorithm selects the CQI, and determines the actual BLER at time of reception. The rounding down and delaying of the CQI reporting, which corresponds to the W-CDMA standard, has a significant impact on throughput and transfer delay of the HS-DSCH. Some compensation can be found in a modified transmission. The integration of the link-level and network-level simulators gives accurate and realistic results that can be used in more studies that focus on network layer aspects of packet based services over HSDP

Verkaufstechniken für ein erfolgreiches Kundengespräch im Einzelhandel

Passive Internationalisierung, zunehmende Konkurrenz durch neue Systemanbieter, erheblicher Preiswettbewerb, trotz jahrelangem Nullwachstum andauernder Flächendruck sowie veränderte Nachfragergewohnheiten stellen die deutschen Handelsunternehmen vor wachsende Herausforderungen. Wie der jüngste Marktaustritt von Wal-Mart zeigt, sind an anderen Orten selbst etablierte Geschäftsmodelle keine Erfolgsgarantie in einem derart dynamischen und hoch kompetitiven Markt. Sowohl das Handelsmanagement als auch die Marketingforschung stehen vor der Herausforderung, dem Einzelhandel und damit auch indirekt den vorgelagerten industriellen Wertschöpfungsketten Wege aufzuzeigen, sich dem enormen Markt- und insbesondere Preisdruck durch Differenzierung zu entziehen. Ein geeigneter Weg erscheint dabei eine stärkere Fokussierung auf die Beeinflussung von Konsumenten durch einen kundenorientierten persönlichen Verkauf. Zur Beeinflussung der Konsumenten werden in der Praxis adaptive Verkaufstechniken angewandt, deren Wirkungsweisen auf die Wahrnehmung und das Kaufverhalten von Konsumenten bisher nicht genügend empirisch untersucht wurden. In der vorliegenden Studie wird diese Forschungslücke geschlossen, indem der Einfluss von Techniken, welche vom Kunden als bestimmte Verhaltensweisen des Verkäufers wahrgenommen werden, auf seine Kaufentscheidung überprüft wird. Die theoretische Basis liefert zunächst ein Review über die Beeinflussung von Konsumenten durch persönlichen Verkauf. Basierend auf der theoretischen Analyse sowie einer qualitativen Vorstudie, die mit Verkäufern beratungsintensiver Konsumgüter durchgeführt wurde, gründet sich eine kausalanalytische Untersuchung. Diese thematisiert den Einfluss der vom Kunden wahrgenommenen Verhaltensweisen von Verkäufern auf den Kaufentscheidungsprozess unter Berücksichtigung von Wirkungsunterschieden bei hohem und niedrigem Produktinvolvement. Die Resultate bestätigen die Existenz nachhaltiger Effekte des vom Konsumenten wahrgenommenen Verkäuferverhaltens auf relevante Größen wie die Kundenzufriedenheit, die Einstellung gegenüber dem Produkt oder die Kaufabsicht. Als besonders erfolgversprechend stellt sich dabei die wahrgenommene Expertise von Verkäufern heraus, wobei die Wirkung vom Produktinvolvement des Kunden abhängt. Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen lassen sich Ansatzpunkte zur methodischen Gestaltung des persönlichen Verkaufsgesprächs sowie Anregungen zu weiterem Forschungsbedarf ableiten

The transcriptomic response of adult salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) to reduced salinity

Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are marine parasitic copepods living on salmonids and are challenging for salmon aquaculture. One of several treatment methods is the application of freshwater to the fish which can lead to lice loss. However, lab experiments have shown that salmon lice, acclimated to seawater, are capable of surviving for several weeks in freshwater, when attached to a host. If not attached to a host, they die within a few hours in freshwater but can survive a longer time in brackish water. The molecular mechanisms involved in the adaptation to low salinity of the louse have not been identified yet. In this study we incubated salmon lice, being attached to a host, or detached, in seawater, brackish water and freshwater for 4 h and 1 d, sampled the animals and used RNA-Seq to identify genes involved in these mechanisms. Freshwater incubation led to a much stronger regulatory response than brackish water and a longer incubation time gave a stronger effect than a short incubation. Among the most interesting genes, upregulated in low salinity water are in addition to several transporters, several enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and especially in the proline biosynthesis. A strong upregulation of these enzymes might lead to an accumulation of proline which is known to be used as an osmolyte in other species. While the RNA-Seq experiment was performed with female samples, qPCR showed that at least 10 genes regulated in females, were also regulated in males.publishedVersio

Without a pinch of salt: effect of low salinity on eggs and nauplii of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

The salmon louse is an economically important parasite on Atlantic salmon and poses a major threat to aquaculture. Several treatment methods have lost their effect due to resistance development in the lice. A rather new method for combatting sea lice is freshwater treatment where the various life stages of lice are differently affected by this treatment. In this study, we analyzed the effect of freshwater on the egg strings. A 3-h treatment with freshwater had a detrimental effect on the egg strings. First, the water penetrated the string, widening it, then entering the eggs and enlarging them. Finally, the ordered structure of the egg strings collapsed, and no alive animals hatched. Shorter treatments had a lower effectivity, and treatments with brackish water also showed milder effects. The egg strings were found to have a protective effect against low salinities, as hatched nauplii died rapidly under conditions that embryos survived. We also found that embryos react to low salinity on a molecular level by changing gene expression of several genes, when incubated in brackish water. Additionally, the hatching of embryos treated with brackish water was delayed in comparison to seawater controls.publishedVersio

COMBUSTION OF PYROLYSIS \u27BIO-OILS\u27 IN A TUNNEL FURNACE

A test program has been carried out in a pilot-scale (2.5 GJ/h) tunnel furnace to evaluate potential emission levels from combustion of various biomass pyrolysis oil \u27cuts\u27. Two pyrolysis oil cuts were tested: a “whole” oil and a “premium” high moisture (30% H2O) oil, both supplied by Ensyn. A CETC-O designed external mixing air-assisted atomising nozzle originally designed for coal liquid mixtures was used. The oils were preheated to 48 – 52°C. The atomizing air was not preheated and main combustion air preheat was varied from ambient to 120°C. Under steady state operation both pyrolysis oil cuts were found to perform well within the following ranges: O2 4.5 %; CO 45 – 106 ppm and NOx 150 – 250 ppm. The oils were also tested in co-firing mode in which natural gas was added from 10 to 50% of the total heat input. This served to substantially improve the performance of both oil cuts and CO then easily maintained below 50 ppm and total particulates below 50 mg/Nm3. These results were generally independent of natural gas level in the 10 - 50% range and were similar for both cuts of oil

Heavy and light chain homologs of ferritin are essential for blood-feeding and egg production of the ectoparasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis

The salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is a hematophagous ectoparasite of salmonid fish. Due to its blood-feeding activity, the louse is exposed to great amounts of iron, which is an essential, yet potentially toxic mineral. The major known iron storage protein is ferritin, which the salmon louse encodes four genes of (LsFer1-4). Two of the ferritins are predicted to be secreted. These are one of the heavy chain homologs (LsFer1) and the light chain homolog (LsFer2). Here, we perform functional studies and characterize the two secreted ferritins. Our results show that knocking down LsFer1 and LsFer2 both negatively affect the parasite’s physiology, as it is not able to properly feed and reproduce. In a starvation experiment, the transcript levels of both LsFer1 and LsFer2 decrease during the starvation period. Combined, these results demonstrate the importance of these genes for the normal parasite biology, and they could thus potentially be targets for pest management.publishedVersio