Quantitative and qualitative sources of affect : how unexpectedness and valence relate to pleasantness and preference

Running title: Valence potential.Bibliography: leaves 34-37Supported in part by the National Institute of Education under contract no. HEW-NIE-C-400-76-011

Implementation Of Standard Clauses In Therapeutic Agreements Related To The Legal Protection Of Consumer Health Services

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab dua permasalahan penelitian, “Bagaimana penerapan klausula baku dalam perjanjian terapeutik bagi konsumen jasa kesehatan?”, dan “Bagaimana penerapan perjanjian terapeutik dalam mewujudkan perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen jasa kesehatan”? Di Indonesia, konsep hubungan antara dokter dan pasien atau dikenal perjanjian terapeutik untuk pelayanan kesehatan masih menggunakan klausula baku UU Perlindungan Konsumen Indonesia yang menggolongkan pasien sebagai konsumen dan dokter sebagai pelaku usaha, sehingga ketentuan klausula baku tidak sesuai. bila diterapkan dalam konteks pelayanan kesehatan. Berbeda dengan hubungan antara pelaku usaha dan konsumen, hubungan antara dokter dan pasien lebih menekankan pada gotong royong (tidak sepihak) daripada menekankan “hasil” (resultant verbintenis) tetapi pada “penyembuhan dan keseriusan” (inspanning verbintenis). Dalam Disertasi ini digunakan Teori Perlindungan Hukum sebagai Grand Theory, Teori Kesehatan sebagai Middle Theory, dan Agreement Theory sebagai Applied Theory. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Metode Yuridis Normatif yang menekankan pada pendekatan hukum positif (dogmatis) untuk mengkaji data sekunder. Kajian ini juga mengkaji asas-asas hukum, peraturan perundang-undangan, perbandingan hukum normatif dan hukum. Metode penelitian normatif digunakan sebagai acuan untuk mengkaji asas kepastian hukum yang berkaitan dengan masalah penelitian. Data penelitian yang digunakan berupa bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Data primer berupa norma atau aturan dasar hukum sebagai peraturan yang digunakan dalam analisis yuridis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa: (1) Penerapan klausula baku dalam perjanjian terapeutik belum memberikan perlindungan hukum baik dari perspektif Hukum Kesehatan maupun Teori Perjanjian, dan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen Indonesia belum memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada pasien yang menggunakan alat kesehatan jasa. (2) Putusan pengadilan tentang kasus malpraktik belum diselesaikan secara tuntas menurut perspektif UU Kesehatan

Selective activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in permissive and non permissive cells

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is induced by a variety of external and internal stimuli, including accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Viruses such as Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) induce host cells to produce viral proteins many of which undergo glycosylation and other modifications in the ER, causing stress to the ER and consequently UPR activation. I have tested the hypothesis that HSV-1 has evolved strategies to regulate the UPR in order to suppress aspects of the UPR that might interfere with viral replication and to promote pathways that aid its own survival and replication. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that HSV-1 selectively modulates the three pathways (PERK, ATF6, and IRE-1) of the UPR in epithelial and neuronal cells and to examine the similarities and the differences between these two types of cells in their responses to ER stress. Vero and ONS-76 cells were used as models of epithelial and neuronal cells respectively and qRT PCR technique was used for analyzing RNA levels of transcripts of spliced Xbp1, HERP, CHOP and BIP, selected target genes for three pathways of the UPR. HSV-1 DNA synthesis and infectious virus production in infected cells showed that compared to the permissive Vero cells, ONS-76 cells seemed to be semi-permissive to HSV-1 infection with limited viral DNA synthesis and infectious virus production. The kinetics of transcript and protein synthesis for genes representing immediate early, early and late classes of viral genes was also monitored. Expression of the immediate early gene, ICP0, was similar in both cell types but the expression of the early gene, TK and late genes VP16 and VP 5 was different. My work reveals that HSV-1 infection in cells of epithelial and neuronal origins results in activation of the UPR, but through cell type selective regulation of the three signal transduction pathways of the UPR (PERK, ATF6, and IRE-1). While HSV-1 infection resulted in upregulation of Spliced Xbp1 and its target gene HERP (IRE1 pathway) and downregulation of BIP (ATF6 pathway) in both cell types, CHOP (PERK pathway) was upregulated only in ONS cells. My results suggest that some aspects of the UPR are regulated differently in cells representing the sites for HSV-1 lytic and latent infections. This may indicate the need for increasing the capacity for protein folding and degradation (Xbp1 and ATF6-induced) in both cells but a requirement for suppressing apoptosis (PERK-induced) only in epithelial cells. As well, I show that HSV-1 infection not only selectively activates the UPR pathways in different cell types, but also inactivates some components of the UPR pathways activated by the drug thapsigargin

O estudo da realidade como eixo da formação matemática dos professores de comunidades rurais

Disponível em: http://www.periodicos.rc.biblioteca.unesp.br/index.php/bolema/article/view/4031Neste artigo discutimos a implementação do ensino de matemática nas áreas de assentamentos rurais, por meio do Estudo da Realidade (DELIZOICOV; ANGOTTI; PERNAMBUCO, 2002; PERNAMBUCO, 1994), um princípio metodológico baseado na investigação da realidade local. Para concretizar tais princípios, vivenciamos uma experiência pedagógica em duas disciplinas do curso de Pedagogia da Terra, ocorrido na cidade de Ceará Mirim, Rio Grande do Norte, realizado pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte em convênio com o INCRA, PRONERA e MST. A turma era composta por professores-alunos, moradores de assentamentos rurais, das regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. A experiência centrou-se em três momentos: o estudo da realidade (ER), a organização do conhecimento (OC) e a aplicação do conhecimento (AC), como abordagem no ensino de matemática. A análise da experiência mostrou que a exploração das atividades cotidianas das comunidades proporcionou um melhor desempenho na prática matemática do grupo

JUSTIÇA RESTAURATIVA E SERVIÇO SOCIAL: Aproximações e distanciamentos

O artigo corrente analisa a inscrição da Justiça Restaurativa e suas aproximações e distanciamentos para o Serviço Social, através de levantamento teórico da área. Não se busca apresentar uma resposta absoluta, mas sim fornecer subsídios para discussão no Serviço Social desse paradigma de Justiça considerado tão recente na inscrição da efetivação de direitos

The dez multi-purpose dam scheme, Khuzestan a socio-economic analysis

Iran is an arid country, surplus water existing only in small areas in the northern and western parts. Much of the cultivated and potentially arable land of Iran is a considerable distance from the zones of high precipitation. For successful crop production in such areas water has to be transported from regions with excess water. In many cases this can be achieved by tapping rivers which rise in the uplands, or ground water reserves which are replenished in zones of abundant water supply. To overcome the problems associated with water supply, Iran has started one of the most significant developments within the field of water resource management, through the construction of a number of large reservoir dams. This has taken place over the last three decades. Multi-purpose dam construction schemes constitute part of the overall five national development plans of Iran which have been carried out since the Second World War. The early development plans placed emphasis on the provision of water for agricultural use. At a later stage more attention was paid to the provision of water supplies to meet the rapidly increasing demands of water for industrial and domestic use. So far the Mohamad Reza Shah Pahlavl Dam in Khuzestan has-been the largest and the most expensive dam Iran has yet commissioned. The Mohamad Reza Shah Pahlavl Dam is part of the integrated regional development plan of Khuzestan which has always been given the highest priority. The master-plan for the Khuzestan region was drawn up by the Development and Resources Corporation of New York in 1959. The plan has aimed at the maximum utilization of the land and water resources of the five major rivers of the region. The Mohamad Reza Shah Pahlavl Dam has been in operation since 1963. The objectives of the scheme are: the utilization of water from the reservoir to irrigate 124,000 ha of the Khuzestan lowlands. In addition 520,000 Kw-of electricity will be produced to meet the industrial and domestic electricity demands of the region. The achievement of these objectives will improve the economic and social status of the local population, who until recently were poor and their standards of living low. The objective of this study is a full appraisal of the Dez scheme, and the establishment of a proper basis for development project evaluation. With the construction of the dam, a new cropping pattern for the area was prepared, providing a diversification of crop types together with changes in the areas of crops already cultivated. Improvement of agricultural methods raised crop yields by large amounts in the Dez Pilot Agricultural Project which constituted l6% of the Dez Irrigation Project. The implementation of the Khuzestan lowlands project was not, however, without its problems. After the supply of regulated water, there was not the necessary incentive for the peasant farmers tousle water resources more efficiently and to raise agricultural production under the old system of landlord-peasant share cropping. As a result land reform was carried out in the Dez Irrigation Project area in 1962. By 1965 the Khuzestan Water and Power Authority, which had been established in 1960 to control and distribute the water and power from the dam, found it difficult to develop the DIP. This was because the bulk of the development budget had already been spent for the construction of the dam and its associated hydro-power installations. In addition landlords refused taco-operate in the development programme and the small farmers were incapable of large financial undertakings. The costly water from the dam was used inefficiently by the farmers and they were not able to pay water charges. In order to use water resources more efficiently and to increase agricultural production in order to become largely independent of food imports, a new phase in agrarian reform was introduced in 1968. On the lands downstream of large dams irrational fragmentation of land was prevented through the consolidation of land. As a result agro-business farms and farm corporations are being set up as alternatives to small family farms. Agro-businesses are large mechanized farms run on a commercial basis and capitalized by foreign equity participation. So far five of these companies have been established on 68,000 ha of the Dez Irrigation Project land which were bought from the farmers and leased to companies for a long term of 30 years. In addition four farm corporations were established on a further 12,500 ha of the land of the Dez Irrigation Project. In the long run farm corporations which are backed by free grants from the government will eventually achieve high yields as an inevitable consequence of large scale capitalist farming. Against this advantage stands the disadvantage of the rural unemployment as an unavoidable result of mechanized farming. The performance of agro-businesses has been somewhat unsuccessful. Their cost, which is imposed on the government, is high and their social impacts have been devastating. As a result a number of them have been taken over by the government and the future of the rest is a controversial topic. The only successful project of the Dez scheme is the government sugar cane project of Haft-Tappeh. Although the project is costly, its great advantage is the creation of Jobs for thousands of skilled and unskilled local people. The hydro-power project of the Dez dam scheme has been in operation since 1963 and all the generators were installed by 1971. The social Impacts of the project have been considerable. However, the high electricity tariff has discouraged the development programmes to a higher extent than was initially expected. As a result of the lack of an electricity market in Khuzestan, electricity has been transferred to Tehran at a low price. Consequently the hydro-power project has been a losing proposition so far. A consistent objective evaluation of the Dez scheme through the application of a cost-benefit analysis technique established a proper basis for the appraisal of government Investment in the supply of infrastructure for the regional development. This made it possible to determine the objective priorities and to consider alternatives for resource allocation in regional development planning. The water pricing mechanism has been used as one of the most important and immediate means for the modification of the political framework of water resource management In the Dez Irrigation Project. It is very likely that the new price of water will encourage efficiency in water use in the Dez Irrigation Project. The model outlined in this study for water pricing can be tested and applied for other irrigation schemes, yet its application is conditional to reliable statistics and data availability. Today after almost two decades of operation of the Mohamad Reza Shah Pahlavl Dam it is well recognised that the operation of the dam has not had the expected beneficial effect on the local agricultural economy. The reasons for this are varied and Include environmental, economic and social factors. These factors are defined in an analytical way in this study