Maximally spatial-disjoint lightpaths in optical networks

Lightpaths enable end-to-end all-optical transmission between network nodes. For survivable routing, traffic is often carried on a primary lightpath, and rerouted to another disjointed backup lightpath in case of the failure of the primary lightpath. Though both lightpaths can be physically disjointed, they can still fail simultaneously if a disaster affects them simultaneously on the physical plane. Hence, we propose a routing algorithm for provisioning a pair of link-disjoint lightpaths between two network nodes such that the minimum spatial distance between them (while disregarding safe regions) is maximized. Through means of simulation, we show that our algorithm can provide higher survivability against spatial-based simultaneous link failures (due to the maximized spatial distance)

Optimization of system’s parameters for wavelength conversion of E-band signals

Current and future wireless communication systems are designed to achieve the user’s demands such as high data rate and high speed with low latency and simultaneously to save bandwidth and spectrum. In 5G and 6G networks, a high speed of transmitting and switching is required for internet of things (IoT) applications with higher capacity. To achieve these requirements a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is considered as a wavelength converter to transmit a signal with an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with subcarrier power modulation (OFDM-SPM). It exploits the subcarrier’s power in conventional OFDM block in order to send additional bits beside the normally transmitted bits. In this paper, we optimized the SOA’s parameters to have efficient wavelength conversion process. These parameters are included the injection current (IC) of SOA, power of pump and probe signals. A 7 Gbps OFDM-SPM signal with a millimeter waves (MMW) carrier of 80 GHz is considered for signal switching. The simulation results investigated and analyzed the performance of the designed system in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM), bit error rate (BER) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). The optimum value of IC is 0.6 A while probe power is 9.45 and 8.9 dBm for pump power. The simulation is executed by virtual photonic integrated (VPI) software

Robustness metrics for optical networks

Telecommunication networks are vulnerable towards single or simultaneous nodes/links failures, which may lead to the disruption of network areas. The failures may cause performance degradation, reduced quality of services, reduced nodes/links survivability, stability, and reliability. Therefore, it is important to measure and enhance the network robustness, via the use of robustness metrics. This paper gives an overview of several robustness metrics that are commonly used for optical networks, from the structural, centrality and functional perspectives

Triterpenoids from the Stem Bark of <i>Aglaia cucullata</i> (Meliaceae) and Their Cytotoxic Activity against A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line

The Aglaia species, which contains triterpenoids, is the most numerous in the Meliaceae family. The A. cucullata species, of which there are only a few known examples, has received scant research attention. This investigation aims to identify triterpenoids in an n-hexane preparation of A. cucullata stem bark and evaluate their effects against the A549 lung cancer cell line. Five dammarane-type triterpenoids were isolated from the A. cucullata trunk bark, which is (1) (20S)-20-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-one, (2) cabraleone, (3) cabralealactone, (4) eichlerianic acid, and (5) (+)-fouquierol. Their chemical structures were determined using infrared, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance, as well as through data comparison of the reported compounds. Compound 1 was priorly separated from the Aglaia genus, compounds 2–4 were first isolated from the A. cucullata species, and compound 5 has been reportedly isolated from the Meliaceae family and the Aglaia genus. All substances were tested for their lethal potential against the A549 lung cancer cell type. A seco structure in the A ring of dammarane-type triterpenoid might play an important part in the lethal activity of component 4, which showed the greatest activity with an IC50 value of 32.17 µM against the A549 lung cancer cell line

PENCIPTAAN GAME “PUTRI HIJAU” BERDASARKAN CERITA RAKYAT SUMATERA UTARA

Game bertipe Adventure side-scrolling, dimana pemain berpetualang untuk menyelamatkan Putri Hijau yang ditawan oleh sang Raja. “Putri Hijau” sendiri merupakan sebuah cerita rakyat yang berasal dari Sumatera Utara dimana ia dikisahkan sebagai seorang putri yang sangat cantik dan membuat seorang Raja jatuh hati, namun Putri Hijau menolak lamaran sang Raja sehingga menimbulkan perang. Akhirnya Putri Hijau ditawan dan dibawa ke kerajaan Aceh dan pemain akan berperan sebagai Mambang Jazid yang merupakan kakak dari Putri Hijau untuk mengejar dan menyelamatkan Putri Hijau. Cerita “Putri Hijau” dipilih karena memiliki alur yang menarik dan pesan yang cukup kuat. Media game dipilih sebagai sarana promosi agar lebih mudah diterima oleh masyarakt terutama anak-anak. Diharapkan dengan pembuatan game ini dapat menumbuhkan daya tarik masyarakat terhadap cerita daerah dan melestarikannya

Dedicated fault management in all optical WDM mesh network

Fault management of an optical network is important to reduce the probability of data loss which may carry a significant loss in terms of revenue, reputation and future prospect. A mesh torus telecommunication network is studied to provide for a better quality of service from the aspect of network resource usage, connection availability satisfaction ratio and connection blocking probability. The scope will be from the basic routing principle, connection arrival method and fault management scheme. Fault management will enable a more reliable connection but at the cost of computation time and network resource. Algorithm referred to will be implemented using MATLAB as the simulation platform and can be converted for real use into the network control plane