Caracterización geotécnica y geomecánica de la roca de falla de la falla activa de Alhama de Murcia

En este trabajo se presenta el estudio de los parámetros mecánicos de la roca de falla (fault gouge) de la falla de Alhama de Murcia (FAM) próxima al bloque levantado. Esta falla es una de las más activas de la Península Ibérica y destaca por tener segmentos con un espesor de roca de falla (FG) exhumada de 50-80 m de espesor en régimen frágil. Su composición mineralógica se compone mayoritariamente por minerales del grupo de la mica (moscovita y paragonita) y cuarzo; en la fracción arcillosa predomina la illita acompañada por caolinita. Muestra una marcada fábrica tectónica caracterizada por la orientación preferente de los minerales laminares según una textura anastomosada que controla la resistencia mecánica de la falla. Para este estudio se han tomado muestras inalteradas procedentes de dos sondeos sobre los que se han realizado distintos ensayos de esfuerzo-deformación considerando diferentes orientaciones de los esfuerzos respecto a la fábrica. El ángulo de fricción (φ) varía desde valores mínimos (16ᵒ-26ᵒ) para los planos de rotura orientados favorablemente a la fábrica tectónica hasta valores máximos (>50ᵒ) para los planos orientados desfavorablemente. Estos elevados valores fueron obtenidos también en muestras remoldeadas de FG sin orientaciones preferentes

Formación de valores en los enfermeros del nuevo modelo pedagógico / Formation of values in nursing students who are included in the new pedagogical model

Por las palabras expresadas por el Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro: "creando valores, creando capital humano, creando ética y creando principios, la calidad de nuestra educación alcanzará altísimos niveles" y la importancia de formar el modelo de hombre que necesita la sociedad se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y trasversal del universo de enfermeros del nuevo modelo pedagógico con un total de 200 correspondiente a la Vicedirección de Enfermería del Hospital General Docente "Comandante Pinares" de San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río. Se aplicó una encuesta anónima que se anexará al trabajo donde se hicieron preguntas sobre conceptos importantes dentro de la formación de valores. Se insertaron situaciones problemas para valorar con sus respuestas cómo se encuentran los enfermeros en su formación ética frente al ejercicio de su profesión y determinar cual es la formación de valores de los enfermeros frente a su realidad para llegar a ofrecer servicios de excelencia en salud, y poder concientizar que la enfermera no sólo debe estar bien preparada en sus conocimientos profesionales, sino ser un profesional íntegro moral, cívica y éticamente. Se pudo apreciar que a pesar de la buena preparación que poseen los enfermeros aún podemos continuar trabajando en base a la formación de valores en la ética frente a su profesión, puntualizando en la responsabilidad, la valentía y la audacia, así como la honestidad con que deben enfrentar su trabajo. Palabras clave: ESTUDIANTES DE ENFERMERÍA, ENSEÑANZA, APRENDIZAJE, VALORES SOCIALES, ÉTICA, ESCUELAS DE ENFERMERÍA. ABSTRACT Because of the importance of forming a new model of men and women that our society needs, an observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted with nursing students who are included in the new pedagogical model. The sample was formed by 200 students belonging to the Vice-direction of Nursing at "Comandante Pinares" General Teaching Hospital in San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río. An anonymous survey was applied (it is attached) where questions about the most important concepts of values and their formation were requested, inserting problemic situations to assess by means of the answers given ethical principles in nursing students, to be developed in the future profession. This was also aimed at knowing which is the formation of moral values in the nursing personnel facing the daily activities at work in order to obtain the excellence in health services. The need to become aware of that nursing personnel must be able, not only to follow the nursing procedures properly, but also to develop moral values. It was observed that despite being skillfull professionally,the formation of moral values and ethical principles must be strengthened, emphasizing on responsibility, courage, audacity and honesty to perform their activities at work

Formación de valores en los enfermeros del nuevo modelo pedagógico / Formation of values in nursing students who are included in the new pedagogical model

Por las palabras expresadas por el Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro: "creando valores, creando capital humano, creando ética y creando principios, la calidad de nuestra educación alcanzará altísimos niveles" y la importancia de formar el modelo de hombre que necesita la sociedad se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y trasversal del universo de enfermeros del nuevo modelo pedagógico con un total de 200 correspondiente a la Vicedirección de Enfermería del Hospital General Docente "Comandante Pinares" de San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río. Se aplicó una encuesta anónima que se anexará al trabajo donde se hicieron preguntas sobre conceptos importantes dentro de la formación de valores. Se insertaron situaciones problemas para valorar con sus respuestas cómo se encuentran los enfermeros en su formación ética frente al ejercicio de su profesión y determinar cual es la formación de valores de los enfermeros frente a su realidad para llegar a ofrecer servicios de excelencia en salud, y poder concientizar que la enfermera no sólo debe estar bien preparada en sus conocimientos profesionales, sino ser un profesional íntegro moral, cívica y éticamente. Se pudo apreciar que a pesar de la buena preparación que poseen los enfermeros aún podemos continuar trabajando en base a la formación de valores en la ética frente a su profesión, puntualizando en la responsabilidad, la valentía y la audacia, así como la honestidad con que deben enfrentar su trabajo. Palabras clave: ESTUDIANTES DE ENFERMERÍA, ENSEÑANZA, APRENDIZAJE, VALORES SOCIALES, ÉTICA, ESCUELAS DE ENFERMERÍA. ABSTRACT Because of the importance of forming a new model of men and women that our society needs, an observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted with nursing students who are included in the new pedagogical model. The sample was formed by 200 students belonging to the Vice-direction of Nursing at "Comandante Pinares" General Teaching Hospital in San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río. An anonymous survey was applied (it is attached) where questions about the most important concepts of values and their formation were requested, inserting problemic situations to assess by means of the answers given ethical principles in nursing students, to be developed in the future profession. This was also aimed at knowing which is the formation of moral values in the nursing personnel facing the daily activities at work in order to obtain the excellence in health services. The need to become aware of that nursing personnel must be able, not only to follow the nursing procedures properly, but also to develop moral values. It was observed that despite being skillfull professionally,the formation of moral values and ethical principles must be strengthened, emphasizing on responsibility, courage, audacity and honesty to perform their activities at work

Stereovideo youtube channel: short educational videos for the on-line learning of the the stereographic projection technique in Structural Geology

Stereovideo channel https://www.youtube.com/user/geostereovideo) is a YouTube channel of short educational videos (<5 min) focused on learning the handling of the stereographic projection technique applied to Structural Geology (also to Engineering Geology). This type of videos aims to reinforce the traditional classroom lessons with the use of communication technologies resources. Such a einforcing facilitates the possibility to deepen more on conceptual aspects once the students dominate the representation tool helping them to develop their own critical thinking skills. After three years of being launched on-line (on 2014), we analyze the broadcast and acceptance of the channel by the academic community. For this purpose we have taken into account two different sources: (1) the analytics tool from YouTube (subscriptions, views, countries, comments from the users, type of device for viewing), and (2) our own survey among users (students and teachers) to get their opinion about the videos. By January, 2017 (date of sending of this abstract), the channel has a total of 650 subscriptions, with more than 85,000 views all around the world, mainly in Spanish speaking countries (as the videos are in Spanish). The main devices for viewing the videos are PCs, but is noteworthy the use of smart phones and tablets. The video users, both students and teachers, value this type of content positively

Stereovideo youtube channel: short educational videos for the on-line learning of the the stereographic projection technique in Structural Geology

Stereovideo channel https://www.youtube.com/user/geostereovideo) is a YouTube channel of short educational videos (<5 min) focused on learning the handling of the stereographic projection technique applied to Structural Geology (also to Engineering Geology). This type of videos aims to reinforce the traditional classroom lessons with the use of communication technologies resources. Such a einforcing facilitates the possibility to deepen more on conceptual aspects once the students dominate the representation tool helping them to develop their own critical thinking skills. After three years of being launched on-line (on 2014), we analyze the broadcast and acceptance of the channel by the academic community. For this purpose we have taken into account two different sources: (1) the analytics tool from YouTube (subscriptions, views, countries, comments from the users, type of device for viewing), and (2) our own survey among users (students and teachers) to get their opinion about the videos. By January, 2017 (date of sending of this abstract), the channel has a total of 650 subscriptions, with more than 85,000 views all around the world, mainly in Spanish speaking countries (as the videos are in Spanish). The main devices for viewing the videos are PCs, but is noteworthy the use of smart phones and tablets. The video users, both students and teachers, value this type of content positively

Paleoseismological evidence of Holocene activity of the Los Tollos Fault (Murcia, SE Spain): A lately formed Quaternary tectonic feature of the Eastern Betic Shear Zone

[EN] The Los Tollos Fault is a recent and important feature of the Eastern Betic Shear Zone, one of the major tectonic structures in South Iberia accommodating the convergence between Nubian and Eurasian plates in the western Mediterranean. The Los Tollos Fault became active by the end of Middle Pleistocene introducing some paleogeographical modifications. Previously mapped as a secondary normal fault related to the Carrascoy Fault, recent research evidences that the Los Tollos Fault is an independent Holocene active left-lateral reverse fault extending for at least 15 km. Data analysis from 4 trenches dug across the fault has revealed the occurrence of at least two paleo-earthquake events during the Holocene. The most recent event is dated between 2,740 and 2,140 yr BP (8th to 2nd centuries BC). The size of the paleoevents is calculated to be Mw 6.3 – 6.6 following empirical regressions on surface rupture length. The recurrence interval is estimated to be between 2,200-6,860 years, fitting a slip rate for the fault between 0.12 and 0.17 mm/yr. Such parameters highlight the Los Tollos Fault as a tectonic structure with a considerable activity located relatively close to densely populated areas. These seismogenic parameters should be considered in future reassessments of the seismic hazard of the region.[ES] La falla de Los Tollos es una estructura reciente e importante de la Zona de Cizalla de la Bética Oriental, la principal estructura del sureste de la Península Ibérica que acomoda gran parte de la convergencia entre las placas de Eurasia y Nubia en el Mediterráneo Occidental. La falla de Los Tollos, descrita inicialmente como una falla normal secundaria relacionada con la falla de Carrascoy, comenzó su actividad a finales del Pleistoceno Medio generando algunas modificaciones paleogeográficas significativas. El trabajo que aquí presentamos demuestra su activad durante el Holoceno con una cinemática lateral sinestral con componente inversa a lo largo de una longitud de 15 km, e independiente de la Falla de Carrascoy. Del análisis de los datos obtenidos en 4 trincheras paleosismológicas realizadas a lo largo de la traza de la falla, se han podido interpretar la ocurrencia de al menos 2 paleoterremotos durante el Holoceno, acotándose el evento más reciente entre hace 2.740 y 2.140 años (siglos VIII a II a.C.). La magnitud máxima de estos paleoterremotos, estimada mediante correlaciones empíricas que consideran la longitud de rotura en superficie de la falla, se encuentra entre Mw 6,3 y 6,6, con un periodo de recurrencia comprendido entre 2.200 y 6.860 años. La tasa de deslizamiento neta calculada para la falla se estima entre 0,12 y 0,17 mm/a. Estos parámetros identifican la falla de Los Tollos como una estructura activa situada en las cercanías de áreas densamente pobladas y ponen de manifiesto el interés que tendría considerarla en futuras reevaluaciones de la peligrosidad sísmica en la región.FASEGEO Project (CGL2009-09726) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.Peer reviewe

Geotechnical and geomechanical characterization of the fault gouge of the Alhama de Murcia active fault, SE Spain

Here we present the results of the mechanical and mineralogical study of the fault rock of the Alhama de Murcia fault. This fault is one of the most active faults in the Iberian Peninsula. It shows segments partially formed by exhumed fine grained fault rocks (fault gouge FG) with a thickness of more than 50 m developed mainly in a brittle regime. Several strength and strain tests have been carried out, both in-situ and in laboratory, considering different stress orientations in relation to the tectonic fabric. Undisturbed samples encountered from two fault observatory boreholes drilled near Lorca, (FAM-1 and FAMSIS-IGN, of 174 and 40 m depth, respectively) has been used for the laboratory tests. The FG shows a hard soil and soft rock like mechanical behavior with uniaxial compressive strength 1.19) for planes unfavourably oriente

Hipogonadismo prolongado tras la suspensión de tratamiento hormonal en pacientes con cáncer de próstata

Objetivos: Estudiar los niveles de LH, testosterona y PSA tras suspender el tratamiento prolongado con análogos LH-RH Material y Método: Se estudió la evolución hormonal de 29 pacientes a los que se les retiró el tratamiento. Los pacientes previamente habían seguido tratamiento con análogo LH-RH por más de un año y con LH<2 mUI/mL y testosterona <2,8 ng/mL. Se determinó mensualmente la LH, testosterona y PSA junto con valoración clínica. Se reinicia el tratamiento y el tiempo de seguimiento finaliza ante la presencia de progresión clínica y/o PSA ≥ 10 ng/mL. Se realizó descripción de la cohorte, el cálculo de supervivencia mediante Kaplan-Meier y regresión de Cox. Resultados: El tiempo medio sin tratamiento de la serie fue de 35 meses (IC 95% 15,7-54,2 meses). El 17% de los pacientes presentaron hipogonadismo prolongado (>24 meses). La recuperación del eje LH-T-PSA, cuando se produjo, siguió la secuencia esperada. Las variables que influyeron en el tiempo de recuperación del PSA fueron el PSA pretratamiento y la asociación de antiandrógeno. Conclusiones: Tras retirar el tratamiento prolongado con análogos LH-RH la mayoría de los pacientes recuperan los niveles de LH-T-PSA si bien un subgrupo se mantienen hipogonádicos más de 24 meses.Objectives: To study the levels of LH, testosterone and PSA after suspending prolonged treatment with LH-RH analogs. Materials and Method: Hormonal evolution was studied in 29 patients from whom treatment had been withdrawn. The patients had previously been receiving treatment with LH-RH analog for more than one year, and with LH< 2 mUI/mL and testosterone <2.8 ng/mL. LH, testosterone and PSA were determined monthly, together with clinical assessment. The treatment was re-initiated and the period of monitoring ended before the presence of clinical progression and/or PSA ≥ 10 ng/mL. The cohort was described and survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. Results: The mean period of time without treatment for the series was 35 months (CI 95%, 15.7-54.2 months). Prolonged hypogonadism (> 24 months) was presented by 17% of the patients. The recovery of the LH-T-PSA axis, when it occurred, followed the expected sequence. The variables that influenced the period of recovery of the PSA were the PSA pretreatment and the association of an antiandrogen. Conclusions: After withdrawing the prolonged treatment with LH-RH analogs, most of the patients recovered the levels of LH-T-PSA, although a subgroup remained hypogonadic for more than 24 months

Influence of the microstructure and roughness of weakness planes on the strength anisotropy of a foliated clay-rich fault gouge

Cataclastic rocks, as clay-rich fault gouges, are commonly present in brittle rock masses when fault zones appear during geological engineering projects. Highly deformed rocks that are of poor mechanical quality can lead to technical, safety, and economic problems in rock engineering. The aim of this study is to characterise the resistant behaviour of a highly deformed clay-rich gouge >40 m wide with a marked tectonic fabric that indicates strength anisotropy. We present the results of consolidated-undrained (CU) triaxial tests that were performed at low confining pressures (50, 150, and 300 kPa) on several sets of foliated gouge specimens with four different orientations in the tectonic fabric. Specimens were collected from the encapsulated rock cores of two research boreholes drilled through the Alhama de Murcia Fault (AMF), a main regional fault located in SE Spain. The strain–stress relationships and failure modes were established, indicating that the gouge behaves as hard soil or very soft rock. The test results were adjusted at each orientation using the non-linear Hoek and Brown criteria by considering the fault gouge as an intact material or as a tectonised rockmass. Here, we use the Geological Strength Index (GSI) as an indicator of the rockmass strength that depends on the direction of the tectonic fabric. However, the results from specimens with tectonic fabric that is oriented most favourably for failure were not the weakest in terms of rock strength. Such an anomalous result could be the result of asymmetry in the roughness of the weakness planes that is related to the original gouge microstructure characterised by the strong reorientation of clays in an S-C′ like tectonic fabric. Our results will be useful for practical applications that are related to the stability of slopes and/or shallow underground excavations in brittle fault zones, and provide an inexpensive and easy way to preliminarily evaluate the anisotropic behaviour of this type of brittle fault zones for future engineering projects