Motivaciones, compromiso y experiencia voluntaria en estudiantes universitarios españoles

La población universitaria es una de las que mayoritariamente participa en el fenómeno del voluntariado. Mediante el diseño de la presente investigación se pretende explorar las variables que explican por qué una persona decide hacerse voluntaria. En este estudio, en el que participaron 168 personas, se analizó la influencia de diferentes motivaciones en la intención de llevar a cabo labores de voluntariado, el compromiso que los participantes estarían dispuestos a afrontar y la experiencia anterior de voluntariado. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la relevancia de diferentes motivaciones como el interés humanitario de ayudar a otros para ejercer una adecuada labor de voluntariado. A su vez, los participantes otorgan menos importancia a las motivaciones basadas en el incremento de la autoestima que les proporciona el ser voluntarios. Por otra parte, los resultados enfatizan la importancia de la experiencia anterior en actividades de voluntariado para garantizar un mayor compromiso con una entidad sin ánimo de lucro.La población universitaria es una de las que mayoritariamente participa en el fenómeno del voluntariado. Mediante el diseño de la presente investigación se pretende explorar las variables que explican por qué una persona decide hacerse voluntaria. En este estudio, en el que participaron 168 personas, se analizó la influencia de diferentes motivaciones en la intención de llevar a cabo labores de voluntariado, el compromiso que los participantes estarían dispuestos a afrontar y la experiencia anterior de voluntariado. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la relevancia de diferentes motivaciones como el interés humanitario de ayudar a otros para ejercer una adecuada labor de voluntariado. A su vez, los participantes otorgan menos importancia a las motivaciones basadas en el incremento de la autoestima que les proporciona el ser voluntarios. Por otra parte, los resultados enfatizan la importancia de la experiencia anterior en actividades de voluntariado para garantizar un mayor compromiso con una entidad sin ánimo de lucro

Women’s Risk Perception and Responses to Intimate Partner Sexual Coercion: The Role of Type of Tactic, Previous Experience, and Myths Acceptance

Sexual coercion is among the subtlest forms of sexual violence in an intimate relationship and sometimes goes unnoticed by victims. The present study analyzed factors that potentially mitigate women’s negative perceptions of intimate partner sexual coercion (IPSC). A total of 427 women completed an online survey, in which they were shown vignettes illustrating a growing risk of sexual coercion according to the perpetrators’ use of different coercive tactics. Participants replied to questions that reflected their risk perception, their perceptions of perpetrator behavior, and the probability of their leaving the relationship. The survey also queried their previous IPSC experience, and their degree of acceptance of sexual aggression myths. According to the results, women exposed to positive (vs. negative) verbal sexual coercion (VSC) condition decided to leave the abusive situation later (risk response), presented a longer time lag between the moment they recognized the risk and the moment they responded to it, perceived the perpetrator’s behavior as more acceptable and excusable, and were less likely to leave the relationship. Finally, greater myth acceptance and previous IPSC experience predicted a lower probability of leaving the relationship, due to delayed risk responses and to perceiving the perpetrator’s behavior as more acceptable and excusable. This was true regardless of the type of coercive tactic used by the perpetrator. The results highlight the need to consider the type of coercive tactic, previous experience, and myths acceptance as risk factors that may impede a woman to adequately perceive and respond to an intimate partner’s sexual violence.This work was supported by a grant from the Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional - Gobierno de España to the first author (Ref. FPU14–02905), and the financing provided by the Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital – Gobierno de España (Ref. PSI2017–84703–R; Ref. PID2020–114464RB–I00 [MINECO/AEI/FEDER/UE])

¿Qué tácticas de violencia sexual predicen el abandono de la relación? El papel de la dependencia hacia la pareja

This research was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education to the first author (Ref. FPU14-02905) and the funding provided by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (Ref.PSI2017-84703-R; Ref. PSI-2017-83966-R -MINECO/AEI/FEDER/UE).Intimate partner sexual violence has countless consequences for women suffering it. This research analyse the effect of the type of sexual coercion tactic and partner dependence on both the attribution of responsibility and the probability of leaving a relationship. In Study 1, six scenarios for different sexual tactics were presented (coaxing, coercion, and aggression) to 5 experts in order to select those with better evidence of content validity regarding the construct evaluated. In Study 2, the three selected scenarios were presented to 304 Spanish participants from the general population, analysing the effect of the type of tactic and dependence on attributed responsibility and the probability of leaving a relationship. Results showed that in the sexual aggression scenario, participants assigned the highest responsibility to the aggressor and showed the strongest likelihood of leaving the relationship. Further, results revealed that in the coaxing scenario, dependence had an indirect effect on the probability of leaving the relationship through a lower responsibility attributed to the aggressor. As a conclusion, this study emphasises the importance of the sexual tactic used by aggressors in individuals’ perception about sexual coercion, contributing to increasing the visibility of this unacceptable action, especially in its more subtle and normalised form.La violencia sexual en las relaciones de pareja tiene innumerables consecuencias para las mujeres que la sufren. Esta investigación analiza el efecto del tipo de táctica de coerción sexual y la dependencia de la pareja en la atribución de responsabilidad y la probabilidad de dejar la relación. En el Estudio 1 se presentaron seis escenarios sobre diferentes tácticas sexuales (persuasión, coerción y agresión) a 5 expertos con la finalidad de seleccionar a aquellos que mostraran una mayor validez de contenido con respecto al constructo evaluado. En el Estudio 2, 304 participantes leyeron los tres escenarios seleccionados y se analizó el efecto del tipo de táctica y la dependencia en la responsabilidad atribuida y en la probabilidad de dejar la relación. Los resultados mostraron que los participantes responsabilizaban más al agresor y dejarían con más probabilidad la relación en la condición de agresión sexual que en la condición de coerción sexual o persuasión sexual. Además, los resultados revelan que en el escenario más sutil (persuasión) la dependencia tiene un efecto indirecto sobre probabilidad de dejar la relación a través de una menor responsabilidad atribuida al agresor. Como conclusión, esta investigación enfatiza la importancia que tiene la táctica sexual utilizada por el agresor en la percepción de la coerción sexual, contribuyendo a aumentar la visibilidad de este acto inaceptable, especialmente en su forma más sutil y normalizada.Spanish Government FPU14-02905Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness PSI-2017-83966-R PSI2017-84703-

Adaptation of the Accommodation among Romantic Couples Scale (ARCS) to the Spanish Population

Background: The different conflict resolution strategies that couples use are crucial in preserving or ending their relationships. Despite the importance of these strategies, no instrument for measuring them has been adequately adapted to Spanish culture. The goal of this study is to adapt the Accommodation among Romantic Couples Scale to Spanish culture, filling this gap by providing a rigorous instrument to evaluate the construct. Method: A total of 489 participants from the general population responded to the instrument after adaptation. The scale’s psychometric properties were then evaluated from a classical perspective. Results: The indexes of fit from confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fi t to the four-factor structure proposed by the authors of the original scale: voice, loyalty, exit, and neglect. The reliability of these dimensions was similar to that obtained in the original version. Evidence of validity relative to other variables indicated good convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the Accommodation among Romantic Couples Scale is a reliable instrument with sufficient valid evidence to provide accurate measurement of conflict resolution strategies in couple relationships.Antecedentes: las diferentes estrategias de resolución de conflictos en la pareja son un aspecto fundamental en el mantenimiento o la ruptura de las relaciones. A pesar de su importancia, no existe un instrumento de medida adecuadamente adaptado a la cultura española. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar la adaptación al español de la Accommodation among Romantic Couples Scale (ARCS) con la finalidad de suplir dicha carencia y así contar con un instrumento adecuado para evaluar dicho constructo. Método: 489 participantes de población general respondieron al instrumento tras su adaptación. A continuación se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas de la escala desde la perspectiva clásica. Resultados: los índices de ajuste del análisis factorial confirmatorio indicaron un buen ajuste a la estructura tetrafactorial propuesta por los autores de la escala original: expresión, lealtad, huida y negligencia. La fiabilidad de dichas dimensiones fue similar a la obtenida en la versión original. Las evidencias de validez en relación con otras variables indicaron una adecuada validez tanto convergente como discriminante. Conclusiones: la versión española de la Accommodation among Romantic Couples Scale es un instrumento fiable y con suficientes evidencias de validez para medir las estrategias de resolución de conflictos en la pareja de un modo adecuado.This research was made possible thanks to the financing provided by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness [Ref.PSI-2017-83966-R (MINECO/AEI/FEDER/ UE)], as well as by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education (Ref.FPU14/02905)

Not all poor are equal: the perpetuation of poverty through blaming those who have been poor all their lives

The economic crisis of 2008 severely affected the welfare states. As the economic situation of a country worsens, the resources that the public administration can devote to improve the situation of the people also decrease, endangering the advancement of those in a disadvantaged situation. People who have always lived in poverty, besides having their opportunities reduced, also face negative public views that affect the perceived legitimacy of such public aid, which can in turn be a mechanism for perpetuating their situation. Two studies (N = 252 and N = 266) analyse how a person in persistent poverty is perceived compared to a person in poverty due to the crisis—a circumstantial poverty. We also study some feasible mechanisms underlying this different perception, as well as their effects on attitudes toward social protection policies. In Study 1, results indicated that people showed more favourable attitudes toward social protection policies when they perceived someone in poverty due to the crisis, compared to the target who had been in poverty all his/her life. Individualistic attributions for poverty mediated this effect: when people think of someone in persistent poverty, they make more individualistic attributions concerning their situation, which leads to worse attitudes toward social protection policies. Identification with the group moderates this relation. Furthermore, Study 2 showed that participants perceive people who are in poverty because of economic crisis as more deserving of help than people who have always been poor. Some theoretical and practical implications for intergroup relations and public policy are discussed.Junta de Andalucia P20_00199Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN)Instituto de Salud Carlos III Spanish Government PID2020-114464RBI00 PRE2018-08348

Gendered Social Perceptions of “The Poor”: Differences in Individualistic Attributions, Stereotypes, and Attitudes Toward Social Protection Policies

Poverty is a phenomenon that affects men and women differently. In the current research, we examined social perceptions of poor men and women across three experiments focusing on attributions for poverty, classist attitudes, and stereotypes about poor people. In Study 1, participants from the general population (N = 484) made more individualistic (dispositional) attributions for men’s poverty compared to women’s poverty, blaming men more for their poverty. Participants also believed that men would manage the assistance they received from the state more poorly than women. These patterns were observed across all three studies. In Study 2 (N = 256), we also found that more individualistic attributions for why men were in poverty predicted more negative attitudes toward social protection policies concerning men. In Study 3 (N = 358), we replicated the results observed in Study 2, and found that women in poverty were described as mor communal and competent than men in poverty. We interpret these results considering the operation of traditional gender roles as well as the parallelism between stereotypes of women and poor people. Our results are relevant to the framing of the proposals by social organizations, political parties, and emancipation movements that advocate for policies and programs to address povertyUniversidad de Granada/ CBUAThe Spanish Junta de AndalucíaP20_00199 and by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación with research grants PID2020-114464RB-I00 and PRE2018-08348

College Women’s Experience of Verbal Sexual Coercion and Responses to a Sexual Assault Vignette

Sexual aggression is one of the most humiliating forms of gender-based violence and may profoundly affect victims’ physical, mental, and sexual health. This research analyzed the role of previous experiences of sexual coercion by an intimate partner on women’s behavioral, cognitive, and emotional responses to a video clip showing a sexual assault involving a couple. Spanish college women with (N = 63) and without (N = 77) experience of sexual coercion indicated the point at which they would leave the situation (response latency), the probability of terminating the relationship if they were the woman in the video, attributions of responsibility to victim and perpetrator, and their emotional state. Victims were less likely to say they would terminate the relationship and reported more negative emotions than did nonvictims, but no differences were found on the response latency and attribution measures. Overall, the results suggest that previous sexual coercion may be related to women’s behavioral and emotional responses to situations involving the threat of sexual victimization

Social justice orientations: Exploring their impact on poverty attributions and support for social protection

Distributive justice remains a central issue in contemporary welfare states, even more during times of economic hardship and social uncertainty. In this article, we analyze how attitudes toward the principles of normative distributive justice (equality, need, equity, and entitlement) are related to support for the redistribution of resources (Study 2) and attitudes toward social protection policies (Studies 1 and 3). In Study 1 (N = 325), we found that equality and need positively predicted attitudes toward social protection policies while equity and entitlement negatively predicted these attitudes. In Study 2 (N = 49,519), using data from Round 9 of the European Social Survey, we replicated this linking normative orientation toward different distributive justice principles with support for redistribution. We replicated these results in Study 3 (N = 494). In addition, we explored the role of attributions for poverty in the relationship found in Studies 1 and 2. Attributions for poverty mediated the relationship between orientations toward justice principles and attitudes toward social protection policiesConsejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de AndalucíaGrant/Award Number: P20_00199Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Grant/ Award Number: PID2020-114464RB-I00PRE2018-08348

The Spanish adaptation of the relationship power inventory

Power dynamics are fundamental when negotiating conflicts. However, no instrument for measuring power in romantic relationships has been adequately adapted to Spanish culture. The goal of this research was to adapt the Relationship Power Inventory (RPI; Farrell et al., 2015) to Spanish culture and language, filling this gap by providing a rigorous instrument for evaluating this construct. Study 1 was conducted to obtain evidence based on Spanish adaptation of RPI content. Once the Spanish adaptation of the RPI was built and we obtained validity evidence based on the test content, in Study 2, the scale was administered to two different samples of the adult population following a cross-validation approach. Specifically, in Sample 1 (N = 400), the training sample, a statistical analysis and an exploration of the dimensional structure and reliability of the measure were carried out. In Sample 2 (N = 755), the validation sample, the internal structure of the scale was confirmed, and evidence of external validity and generalization was obtained. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for the four-factor structure. These dimensions were invariant to gender and had adequate validity based on their relationship with other variables (dependence on the partner, conflict-resolution strategies, and psychological well-being). In sum, the Spanish version of the RPI (SARPI) is a reliable instrument with sufficient valid evidence to provide accurate measurement of power differences in the context of romantic relationships

Atribución de responsabilidad ante la violencia sexual: Efecto del tipo de táctica, el género y el sexismo benévolo

La violencia sexual es un problema actual sobre el que se necesita estudio empírico, pues afecta a más del 30 % de las mujeres en sus relaciones con los hombres. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido comprobar el modo en el que el tipo de táctica utilizada para conseguir sexo, el género y el sexismo benévolo influyen en la responsabilidad que se le atribuye al agresor. Utilizando una muestra de 305 participantes, se presenta un escenario sexual en el contexto de una relación de pareja, en el que se manipula el tipo de táctica utilizada para tener sexo (neutra, persuasión o coerción sexual). Los resultados indican que las personas responsabilizan más al agresor cuando la táctica utilizada es persuasión o coerción sexual, que cuando se utilizan tácticas no violentas (neutra). Además, se comprueba que los hombres con alto sexismo benévolo culpan menos al agresor solamente cuando éste utiliza tácticas más sutiles de violencia sexual (persuasión sexual), mientras que este efecto no ocurre en las mujeres. Estos resultados permiten proporcionar un marco teórico sobre el que incidir para establecer los límites de los comportamientos que se consideran aceptables o no en una relación, contribuyendo a su detección y rechazo, así como para considerar su influencia en la toma de decisión del ámbito jurídico en los casos de violencia de género.Sexual violence is a current problem that requires empirical study, since it affects more than 30 % of women in their relationships with men. The aim of the research has been to verify the way in which the type of tactics used to obtain sex, along with gender and benevolent sexism can have an impact on the responsibility attributed to the aggressor. Using a sample of 305 participants, a sexual scenario is presented in a relationship context where the type of tactic used to have sex (neutral, sexual coaxing, or sexual coercion) is manipulated. The results indicate that people attribute more responsibility to the aggressor when the tactic used is sexual coaxing or sexual coercion than when using non-violent (neutral) tactics. In addition, men with high benevolent sexism blame the aggressor less, but only when the subtlest tactics of sexual violence (sexual coaxing) are used, whereas this effect does not occur in women. These results provide a theoretical framework for establishing the limits of the behaviours that are considered acceptable (or not) in a relationship, contributing to their detection and having implications for legal decision-making in cases of gender violence.Esta investigación fue financiada por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, con el proyecto "Análisis psicosocial del acoso sexual: nuevas formas y nuevos contextos" (Ref. PSI2014-59200-R), así como por el Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de España, con una beca de doctorado (FPU12/02905) para la primera autora de este artícul