Doctrine of atonement in Coleridge and Maurice

THE PURPOSE of this Thesis is to advocate a return-to a preAnsclinic conception of Atonement theory, and to make an appeal for renewed attention to the Patristic idea of a "Ransom". The Death of Christ is a Ransom - a Price - which God has to pay for the redemption of men.I do not profess to put forward any new discovery in this fully excavated - even over excavated - field of Atonement controversy, every inch of which has been examined and re-examined with a minuteness which itself speaks for the importance of the subject and its vital concern to the human heart; but it is the fact that with Anselm there cane a radical change of emphasis which has more or less coloured tho treatment of the doctrine ever since, and has - as I have been forced to think - introduced a certain obsession or prejudice, a certain biassed point of view that has been too readily accepted in dealing with the Atonement. Anseln gave the death blow to the theory of a "Ransom to the Devil" which prevailed before his tine. That theory has never really raised its head again. It has in most books on the Atonement boon exhumed for a nomont only to be battered with fresh blows and flung into the grave again with renewed contumely. "That hideous theory", Rashdall calls it,- "the coarse mythology of the Ransom theory". And ho says, "Never in the whole history of Christian thought has a doct¬ rine been so decidedly destroyed by criticism and more univorsally abandoned".(Ideas and Ideals.158)I venture to think it is just this universal abandonment of it, this utter refusal to look at what it means and to nako use of (ii) the principle underlying it that has introduced into the doctrine and retained in the doctrine a sense of obscurity and mystery which need not bo there. As an act of God, and an outcone of God'* nature and character, the Atonement is naturally mysterious, hike all the greatest things it ultimately - exit in mysterium. • hut apart from the welcome grandeur of this inevitable and aweinspiring mystery, one fools - in reading the history of the doctrine up to the prosent timo, in tracing the efforts of tho greatest writers to find an explanation of the fact - one cannot resist the impression that there is a difficulty which ought, to yield, there is a sense of baffled effort, to some extent there i3 the fooling of a koy lost, a missing dlaitent that, were it found, would illumine a dark region.I may indicate the Scope of the Thesis as follows I shall first of all deal with the two writers, Coleridge and Maurice, in turn, indicating in each case the various points of their actual teaching 011 the Atonement. I shall then endeavour to show the affinity of their leading principles with that theory to which I wish to call fresh attention, viz,- the Patristic theory of Ransom. This theory itself will then require some description,-and I shall set it forth, briefly, as it appears in the pages of Gregory of hyssa - where we have it in its purest form. Kext will follow - an account of Anselm's refutation of the theory - my own counter criticism of Anselm and of the whole "Satisfaction" idea in Atonement doctrine - criticism of the purely subjective theory of "Moral Influence", showing the defects of that theory as an explanation of the Atonement, and pointing out how essentially the teaching of Coleridge and Maurice is to be distinguished from it. This will be followed, finally, by a constructive summary of the doctrine

Geologic analysis of ERTS-1 imagery for the State of New Mexico

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Earth resources evaluation for New Mexico by LANDSAT-2

The author has identified the following significant results. The Middle Rio Grande project has not yet progressed to the point where mineral exploration sites can be chosen; however, there does appear to be some correlation between the known structure and mineral deposits and the LANDSAT lineament map. A circular feature identified in the southern Magdalena Mountains on LANDSAT-1 imagery agrees well with the location of a newly proposed caldron complex. Several recognized and unrecognized circular features were identified on imagery of the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field. A check of aeromagnetic maps for New Mexico found that the circular features on the LANDSAT imagery showed up as areas of generally high magnetic intensity

Monomorphic subtelomeric DNA in the filamentous fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, contains a RecQ helicase-like gene.

In most filamentous fungi, telomere-associated sequences (TASs) are polymorphic, and the presence of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) may permit the number of chromosome ends to be estimated from the number of telomeric bands obtained by restriction digestion. Here, we describe strains of Metarhizium, Gliocladium and Paecilomyces species in which only one or a few telomeric bands of unequal intensity are detectable by Southern hybridization, indicating that interchromosomal TAS exchange occurs. We also studied an anomalous strain of Metarhizium anisopliae, which produces polymorphic telomeric bands larger than 8 kb upon digestion of genomic DNA with XhoI. In this case, the first XhoI site in from the chromosome end must lie beyond the presumed monomorphic region. Cloned telomeres from this strain comprise 18?26 TTAGGG repeats, followed at the internal end of the telomere tract by five repeats of the telomere-like sequence TAAACGCTGG. An 8.1-kb TAS clone also contains a gene for a RecQ-like helicase, designated TAH1, suggesting that this TAS is analogous to the Y elements in yeast and the subtelomeric helicase ORFs of Ustilago maydis (UTASRecQ) and Magnaporthe grisea (TLH1). The TAS in the anomalous strain of M. anisopliae, however, appears distinct from these in that it is found at most telomeres and its predicted protein product possesses a significantly longer N-terminal region in comparison to the M. grisea and U. maydis helicases. Hybridization analyses showed that TAH1 homologues are present in all other anomalous M. anisopliae strains studied, as well as in some other polymorphic strains, where the recQ-like gene also appears to be telomere-associated.Published online: 2 June 2005

Does high relatedness promote cheater-free multicellularity in synthetic lifecycles?

The evolution of multicellularity is one of the key transitions in evolution and requires extreme levels of cooperation between cells. However, even when cells are genetically identical, noncooperative cheating mutants can arise that cause a breakdown in cooperation. How then, do multicellular organisms maintain cooperation between cells? A number of mechanisms that increase relatedness amongst cooperative cells have been implicated in the maintenance of cooperative multicellularity including single-cell bottlenecks and kin recognition. In this study, we explore how relatively simple biological processes such as growth and dispersal can act to increase relatedness and promote multicellular cooperation. Using experimental populations of pseudo-organisms, we found that manipulating growth and dispersal of clones of a social amoeba to create high levels of relatedness was sufficient to prevent the spread of cheating mutants. By contrast, cheaters were able to spread under low-relatedness conditions. Most surprisingly, we saw the largest increase in cheating mutants under an experimental treatment that should create intermediate levels of relatedness. This is because one of the factors raising relatedness, structured growth, also causes high vulnerability to growth rate cheaters

Predator-by-Environment Interactions Mediate Bacterial Competition in the \u3ci\u3eDictyostelium discoideum\u3c/i\u3e Microbiome

Interactions between species and their environment play a key role in the evolution of diverse communities, and numerous studies have emphasized that interactions among microbes and among trophic levels play an important role in maintaining microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning. In this study, we investigate how two of these types of interactions, public goods cooperation through the production of iron scavenging siderophores and predation by the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, mediate competition between two strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens that were co-isolated from D. discoideum. We find that although we are able to generally predict the competitive outcomes between strains based on the presence and absence of either D. discoideum or iron, predator-by-environment interactions result in unexpected competitive outcomes. This suggests that while both cooperation and predation can mediate the competitive abilities and potentially the coexistence of these strains, predicting how combinations of different environments affect even the relatively simple microbiome of D. discoideum remains challenging

Effects of crack tip geometry on dislocation emission and cleavage: A possible path to enhanced ductility

We present a systematic study of the effect of crack blunting on subsequent crack propagation and dislocation emission. We show that the stress intensity factor required to propagate the crack is increased as the crack is blunted by up to thirteen atomic layers, but only by a relatively modest amount for a crack with a sharp 60$^\circ$ corner. The effect of the blunting is far less than would be expected from a smoothly blunted crack; the sharp corners preserve the stress concentration, reducing the effect of the blunting. However, for some material parameters blunting changes the preferred deformation mode from brittle cleavage to dislocation emission. In such materials, the absorption of preexisting dislocations by the crack tip can cause the crack tip to be locally arrested, causing a significant increase in the microscopic toughness of the crack tip. Continuum plasticity models have shown that even a moderate increase in the microscopic toughness can lead to an increase in the macroscopic fracture toughness of the material by several orders of magnitude. We thus propose an atomic-scale mechanism at the crack tip, that ultimately may lead to a high fracture toughness in some materials where a sharp crack would seem to be able to propagate in a brittle manner. Results for blunt cracks loaded in mode II are also presented.Comment: 12 pages, REVTeX using epsfig.sty. 13 PostScript figures. Final version to appear in Phys. Rev. B. Main changes: Discussion slightly shortened, one figure remove