Metrological Characterization of an Improved DSP-Based On-line Integrator for Magnetic Measurements at CERN

An improved on-line version of the self-calibrating digital instrument for flux measurements on superconductive magnets for particle accelerators, prototyped at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in cooperation with the University of Sannio, is proposed. The instrument acquires voltage arising from rotating coils transducers. Then, the samples are online integrated and suitably processed in order to achieve flux analysis time down to 2.0 ìs, with resolution of 50 ns. Details about hardware and firmware conception, on-line measurement principle, and preliminary results of metrological characterization of the prototype are provided

Surface Response-based Behavioral Modeling of Accurate Digitizers: a Case Study on a Fast Digital Integrator at CERN

A statistical approach to behavioral modeling for assessing dynamic metrological performance during the concept design of accurate digitizers is proposed. A surface-response approach based on statistical experiment design is exploited for avoiding unrealistic hypothesis of linearity, optimizing simulation, exploring operating conditions systematically, as well as verifying identification and validation uncertainty. An actual case study on the dynamic metrological characterization of a Fast Digital Integrator for high-performance magnetic measurements at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is presented

A RESEARCH ON EMISSION ALLOWANCE TRADING SYSTEM IN CHINA

随着环境问题的日益严重，各国政府开始将价格、税收、财政、信贷、收费、保险等经济手段运用到环境管理之中，推行一系列环境经济政策，排污权交易就是其中之一。排污权交易有着深厚的经济学基础，即环境纳污能力的商品化、市场化和外部不经济的内在化。排污权交易制度的实施可以在社会总污染治理成本最小化的前提下促进企业的减排以及治污技术的革新，且通过这种手段政府对环境质量的调控更加灵活。污染企业在排污权交易制度安排的激励下，不仅将治污减排视为企业的技术和合规管理，还可以通过对排污权市场价格的预测，对企业排污治污成本的精确核算，对减排行为进行经济评估，将排污管理融入到财务管理中。本文在总结分析比较美国、欧洲、日本的...Along with the increasingly serious environmental problems, governments try to apply economics principles, like price, tax, finance, credit, charge, insurance, to environmental policy. The emission allowance trade system is one of them. This policy can promote the enterprise to reduce the emission and improve the emission-reducing technology with minimizing the social pollution control cost, and t...学位：管理学硕士院系专业：管理学院会计系_会计学学号：1752006115128

A Flexible Framework for Magnetic Measurements

The work presented in this Ph.D. thesis covers the specification, design, prototyping, and validation of a new version of a magnetic measurement control, acquisition, and data analysis software package: the Flexible Framework for Magnetic Measurements (FFMM). FFMM constitutes the software part of the new platform for magnetic measurements, including also new high-performance hardware, developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in cooperation with the Department of Engineering of the University of Sannio. FFMM is conceived as a unified solution to drive all the existing and future park of measurement systems (mainly magnetic but also optical, mechanical, etc.). The effort for the series test of the LHC superconducting magnets highlighted limitations in the measurement control and acquisition programs, mainly associated with the relatively long time needed for a development iteration (the cycle of specification-programming-debugging-validation). Moreover, the software capabilities needed to be extended to manage the challenges of the new hardware, namely fast rotating-coil transducers (Micro Rotating Unit) and high-performance digital integrators (Fast Digital Integrator), and the need to perform more specialized tests on small/medium magnet batches. FFMM was developed to address these issues. Implemented in C++, it is based (i) on Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), and (ii) on an innovative technology, the Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP). AOP extends the object-oriented paradigm in order to encapsulate features that are transversal to several functional units (crosscutting concerns) by means of new software modules, the aspects. The framework supports the user in producing measurement applications for a wide range of requirements by limited effort and development time. FFMM includes utilities for (i) fault detection, (ii) software synchronization, (iii) automatic generation of user interfaces, and (iv) a Measurement Domain Specific Language (MDSL) to provide the test engineer with an easy and fast way to write measurement scripts containing formal descriptions of the test protocols. The higher sampling rate of the new transducers and acquisition hardware, capable of increasing by three orders of magnitude the bandwidth of harmonic measurements with respect to the previous ones, produced an exponential rise in storage requirements. Thus, a data reduction algorithm was conceived as part of the system in order to decrease the size of measurement results by controlling the quality loss simultaneously. In addition to that, the framework includes an algorithm for field harmonic resolution enhancement allowing to overcome the limitation of the CERN standard analysis procedure, for the tests on magnets in non-stationary conditions. A numerical study was performed to assess the performance of both the techniques for data analysis (reduction and resolution enhancement). The results highlighted the good performance achieved by the proposed approaches, and in particular their suitability for application to the magnetic measurements carried out at CERN. For both algorithms, these conclusions were confirmed on the field through dedicated test campaigns. The tests on the field were performed with different protocols and measuring equipments. The framework proved its effectiveness in developing software for measurements with very different requirements. The results highlighted the resolution improvement (up to a factor 100) attained in the harmonic estimation thanks to the new platform and the capability of producing quickly and with a limited effort the acquisition and control software for new applications. The framework was designed to be flexible, maintainable, reusable, effcient. To assess the fulfillment of these project goals on the release 3.0 of FFMM, the internal quality of its source code was evaluated by means of suitable metrics according to the reference model defined in the standard ISO 9126. The results highlighted a good average quality level, with possibilities of interventions to decrease the complexity of some hot spots and exploit more profitably the concepts of object-oriented programming. A supplementary analysis was carried out on the aspect-oriented component handling the fault detection to state the advantages of using such a software design. The proposed architecture proved to grant a high level of exibility, maintainability, and reusability, without affecting significantly the run-time performance. Finally, an experimental approach to the software flexibility assessment of measurement frameworks was proposed and applied in the context of FFMM. The results highlighted that the framework achieves increasing degrees of flexibility moving from the point of view of the developer to that of the test engineer. The highest flexibility is attained for the changes involving the measurement procedure, namely at the level where it was mainly required

Software for measurement automation: A review of the state of the art

The world of software for measurement and test applications is analyzed by considering two main distinct groups of solutions related to the scenario on the market and to the state of the art in research. For the first group, after defining suitable decision criteria for analyzing the related products, the most innovative and promising solutions of manufacturers leaders are reviewed. In the second group, software tools and applications for instrumentation and measurement research are examined, by looking for main trends in the related scenario and a synthesis of the most promising advancements

Flexible test automation: a software framework for easily developing measurement applications

In laboratory management of an industrial test division, a test laboratory, or a research center, one of the main activities is producing suitable software for automatic benches by satisfying a given set of requirements. This activity is particularly costly and burdensome when test requirements are variable over time. If the batches of objects have small size and frequent occurrence, the activity of measurement automation becomes predominating with respect to the test execution. Flexible Test Automation shows the development of a software framework as a useful solution to satisfy this exigency. The framework supports the user in producing measurement applications for a wide range of requirements with low effort and development time

Cryogenic systems: advanced monitoring, fault diagnostics, and predictive maintenance

Cryogenics, the study and technology of materials and systems at very low temperature, is widely used for sensors and instruments requiring very highly precise measurements with low electrical resistance, especially for measurements of materials and energies at a very small scale. Thus, the need to understand how instruments operate and perform over time at temperatures below -2920 F (-1800 C) is critical, for applications from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to instrumentation for particle accelerators of all kinds. This book brings to the reader guidance learned from work at the European Laboratory for Nuclear Research (CERN), and its large scale particle accelerator in Switzerland to help engineers and technicians implement best practices in instrumentation at cryogenic temperatures, including a better understanding of fault detection and predictive maintenance. Special problems with devices like flow meters, pressure gauges, and temperature gauges when operating at cryogenic temperatures is discussed. References for further reading and research will also be offered