Vehicle emission control technology-- a correlation of emissions in relation to source

Imperial Users onl

The struggle for western integration

The study deals with the military integration of Iceland into the Western Alliance, 1945-60. It focuses on several turning points in Iceland’s relations with the United States and NATO during the First Cold War: the debate over the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 1945-46; Iceland’s entry into NATO in 1949; the arrival of U.S. troops in 1951; the demand for the revocation of the U.S.-Icelandic Defence Treaty in 1956, and the stabilization in the bilateral relationship in 1959-60. It will be argued that two central theories capture the dynamics of Iceland’s relationship with the United States during this period. The national security thesis and the “Empire by Invitation” thesis. The purpose is to address four key problems. First, the study assesses the military importance of Iceland during this period. Secondly, it explores how ideological affinity, especially anti-Communism, shaped U.S.-Icelandic cooperation. Thirdly, it attempts to detect the international and domestic sources of Iceland’s policy toward the U.S. Finally, it examines the political forces that contested U.S. influence in Iceland

Territorial nationalism and Arctic geopolitics: Iceland as an Arctic Coastal state

This paper explores the cultural and political significance of being acknowledged and recognized as an “Arctic coastal state”. Using Iceland as a case study, we consider how coastal state status had grown in significance as the Arctic Ocean has been re-imagined more as a polar Mediterranean and less as a frozen desert. By drawing on Michael Billig’s work on banal nationalism and popular geopolitics, the manner in which the ideas and practices associated with a “coastal state” are reproduced in elite and everyday contexts. However, we conclude by noting that thus far this appeal to Iceland as “coastal state” has gained greater traction within the Icelandic Foreign Ministry and Parliament, and it remains to be seen whether it will have a more popular resonance with Icelandic citizens. Whatever the future, it is a timely reminder that terms such as “coastal state” are caught up in national and even circumpolar identity projects

Arctic Shipping and Risks: Emergency Categories and Response Capacities

Publisher's version (útgefin grein)The sea ice in the Arctic has shrunk significantly in the last decades. The transport pattern has as a result partly changed with more traffic in remote areas. This change may influence on the risk pattern. The critical factors are harsh weather, ice conditions, remoteness and vulnerability of nature. In this paper, we look into the risk of accidents in Atlantic Arctic based on previous ship accidents and the changes in maritime activity. The risk has to be assessed to ensure a proper level of emergency response. The consequences of incidents depend on the incident type, scale and location. As accidents are rare, there are limited statistics available for Arctic maritime accidents. Hence, this study offers a qualitative analysis and an expert-based risk assessment. Implications for the emergency preparedness system of the Arctic region are discussed.The authors wish to acknowledge the support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Nordland County Administration for their support of the MARPART project, and all MARPART partners for their cooperation.Peer Reviewe

Maritime activity in the High North : current and estimated level up to 2025 : MARPART Project Report 1

This report analyzes the current commercial and governmental activity in the sea regions north of the Polar Circle from the Northern Sea Route to the North West Passage. The study embraces sea and coastal areas of the North West of Russia, Northern Norway and around Svalbard, Iceland and Greenland. It includes an overview of types of vessels and other objects involved in different activities, and the volume of traffic connected to different types of activities, such as fisheries, petroleum, tourism, navy and research. Furthermore, this report estimates the maritime activity level in the area the next ten years, or until 2025, and the potential development of the regional preparedness system

Maritime activity and risk patterns in the High North : MARPART Project Report 2

This report provides a discussion on dominating risk factors, risk types and probability of unwanted incidents in the Arctic region. It also provides a coarse-grained evaluation of the potential consequences of different incidents in the northern sea areas of Russia, Norway, Greenland, and Iceland. The risk assessment build upon statistics on vessel activity, case studies of real incidents, and expert evaluation of defined situations of hazard and accident (DSHA). The evaluations of this study may serve as a platform for more detailed assessments, and as input for discussions on priority areas in respect to safety measures and emergency preparedness. In the Marpart Project, the risk assessments have a special role as input into the analyses of emergency management capabilities, and the need for special government efforts in cross-border cooperation

Ideological Cooperation versus Cold War Realpolitik

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit den Beziehungen zwischen der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED) der DDR und der Sozialistischen Partei Islands (SEI) während des Kalten Krieges. Untersucht werden die strukturellen Grenzen der ideologischen Zusammenarbeit beider Parteien – Islands NATO-Mitgliedschaft und die US-Militärpräsenz – ebenso wie die Möglichkeiten der Zusammenarbeit, die sich vor allem während der Regierungsbeteiligung der SEI in den fünfziger Jahren entwickelte. Besondere Berücksichtigung findet Einar Olgeirsson, Vorsitzender der SEI von 1939 bis 1968, der entscheidend zur Entwicklung der politischen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Verbindungen zu SED und DDR beitrug. Es wird argumentiert, dass das Experiment transnationaler sozialistischer Solidarität zweier Parteien, die in radikal unterschiedlichen politischen Systemen verwurzelt waren, an Faktoren wie ideologischen Differenzen oder den politischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen in Island scheiterte.The article deals with the relationship between the East German Socialist Unity Party (SED) and the Icelandic Socialist Party (SEI) during the Cold War. It details the structural limitations of ideological cooperation between the two parties – Iceland’s NATO membership and the U.S. military presence – as well as its possibilities, especially in the 1950s, through the governmental participation of the SEI. Special attention is devoted to the role played by Einar Olgeirsson, the chairman of the SEI 1939–1968, who was instrumental in forging and developing political, economic, and cultural ties with the SED and the German Democratic Republic. The article argues that this experiment in transnational solidarity between socialist parties from two radically different political systems failed in the end due to several factors, including ideological differences and the political and economic development in Iceland

Ideological Cooperation versus Cold War Realpolitik - The SED and the Icelandic Socialist Party

The article deals with the relationship between the East German Socialist Unity Party (SED) and the Icelandic Socialist Party (SEI) during the Cold War. It details the structural limitations of ideological cooperation between the two parties – Iceland’s NATO membership and the U.S. military presence – as well as its possibilities, especially in the 1950s, through the governmental participation of the SEI. Special attention is devoted to the role played by Einar Olgeirsson, the chairman of the SEI 1939–1968, who was instrumental in forging and developing political, economic, and cultural ties with the SED and the German Democratic Republic. The article argues that this experiment in transnational solidarity between socialist parties from two radically different political systems failed in the end due to several factors, including ideological differences and the political and economic development in Iceland