History of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is probably as old as mankind. Today, it is a well defined skin disease, in which genetic, environmental and immunologic factors participate in etiopathogenesis. However, despite its frequency, chronicity and visibility, it is quite hard to find a description of psoriasis in the works of the ancient physicians. Dermatology developed slowly, first with appearance of the protodermatologists at the end of the 18th century, and continued with the arrival of the first dermatologists. From those times psoriasis became a distinct entity. However, until the last century, the descriptions of disease considered «morbi in pulchredine», were rather vague, the denomination not standardized and the translation from one language to others discrepant. Different authors called the disease with various names, while diverse diseases had the same names. The confusion in terminology and description of psoriasis lasted for centuries

Giovanni Battista Cambieri and the Beginning of Venereology in Rijeka Region

In 1790, an infectious disease appeared in the village of Škrljevo near Rijeka, and spread to the nearby villages and then to Istria, Slovenia and other parts of Croatia. In 1800, the nature of the disease was first investigated by the protomedicus Massich, who believed it was a combination of syphilis and scabies. After him, the protomedicus of the region G. B. Cambieri, who graduated in Pavia and came to Rijeka in 1797, studied the illness, gave a description of the disease and believed it was a morbus sui generis, and termed it morbus of Scherlievo. He was a gifted physician, used all his knowledge, skills and organization capabilities to arrest the disease, and published his works in Italian journals (in 1812 and 1819). Cambieri studied the disease in thousands of patients in local hospitals, and took the initiative to open a new Civic Hospital with a department of syphilidology. He divided the disease into four stages and with permission of the authorities he tried different therapies. With time, he found the disease to be a form of syphilis and treated it with mercury compounds. After his death in 1838, he left his money to the Hospital of Holy Spirit in Rijeka (Cambieri Foundation), which permitted its developmen

Occupational Skin Diseases Caused by UV Radiation

This overview highlights the risk of skin diseases arising in workers exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) at their workplace. There is a plethora of skin manifestations in outdoor workers such as seamen, fishermen, farmers after acute intense or long-term exposure to solar UVR, but some cutaneous diseases may also develop in indoor workers exposed to artificial sources. In recent years, investigations of the biological effects and damage caused by UVB and UVA on the skin have improved our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of photoaging, skin cancer and other skin diseases caused by UVR exposure. The necessity of primary prevention in workers exposed to UVR is emphasize

Die Weiterbildungsmotivation der Französischlehrer(innen)

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die Weiterbildungsmotivation von österreichischen Französischlehrer(innen) zu untersuchen. Mittels empirischer Studie wird untersucht, inwiefern dem Weiterbildungsverhalten der Französischlehrer(innen) kulturell, non-utilitaristische oder humankapitalistische Motive zu Grunde liegen und inwieweit institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen, wie die Faktoren Kosten, Zeit, Freiwilligkeit und Wertschätzung durch Vorgesetzte die Weiterbildungsbereitschaft der Französischlehrer(innen) beeinflussen. Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen den Begriff des lebenslangen Lernens zu definieren und abzugrenzen, dabei wurde auf das Konzept des lebenslangen Lernens und seine historische Entwicklung zurückgegriffen. Das Konzept des lebenslangen Lernens und die vier Modelle nach H.G. Schuetze: kulturell, non-utilitaristisches Modell, liberales postmodernes Modell, Humankapital-Modell und sozialpolitisch-emanzipatorisches Modell dienen als Ausgangspunkt für die Entwicklung der Hypothesen. Einen besonders wichtigen Part nehmen dabei die Dokumente der Europäischen Kommission, des Rates der Europäischen Union und des Europäischen Rates als Basis dieser Arbeit ein. Die Europäische Kommission proklamiert lebenslanges Lernen als Strategie für das 21. Jahrhundert, um die Union mithilfe der Lissabon-Strategie bis zum Jahre 2010 zum wettbewerbfähigsten und dynamischsten Wirtschaftsraum der Welt zu machen. Der Einfluss der internationalen Organisationen OECD und UNESCO spielt eine wegweisende Rolle im Konzept des lebenslangen Lernens. Kritik am Konzept kommt vor allem aus den Reihen der Erwachsenenbildung, die die Instrumentalisierung des Konzeptes anprangert. Motivation ist der Schlüssel für lebenslanges Lernen und dabei wird den Lehrkräften eine wichtige Schlüsselrolle im Konzept des lebenslangen Lernens zugeschrieben, als Förderer von Lernmotivation

Political agenda setting in the hybrid media system: why legacy media still matter a great deal

This article examines the roles of the media in the process of political agenda setting. There is a long tradition of studies on this topic, but they have mostly focused on legacy news media, thus overlooking the role of other actors and the complex hybrid dynamics that characterise contemporary political communication. In contrast, through an in-depth case study using mixed methods and multi- platform data, this article provides a detailed analysis of the roles and interactions between different types of media and how they were used by political and advocacy elites. It explores what happened in the different parts of the system, and thus the paths to attention that led to setting this issue in the political and media agendas. The analysis of the case, a partial policy reversal in the UK provoked by an immigration scandal known as the ‘Windrush scandal’, reveals that the issue was pushed into the agenda by a campaign assemblage of investigative journalism, political and advocacy elites, and digitally-enabled leaders. The legacy news media came late but were crucial. They greatly amplified the salience of the issue and, once in ‘storm mode’, they were key for sustaining attention and pressure, eventually compelling the government to respond. It shows that they often remain at the core of the ‘national conversation’ and certainly in the eye of a media storm. In the contemporary context, characterised by fierce battles for attention, shortening attention spans and fractured audiences, this is key and has important implications for agenda setting and beyond

Exorcising Grice’s ghost : an empirical approach to studying intentional communication in animals

Language’s intentional nature has been highlighted as a crucial feature distinguishing it from other communication systems. Specifically, language is often thought to depend on highly structured intentional action and mutual mindreading by a communicator and recipient. Whilst similar abilities in animals can shed light on the evolution of intentionality, they remain challenging to detect unambiguously. We revisit animal intentional communication and suggest that progress in identifying analogous capacities has been complicated by (i) the assumption that intentional (that is, voluntary) production of communicative acts requires mental-state attribution, and (ii) variation in approaches investigating communication across sensory modalities. To move forward, we argue that a framework fusing research across modalities and species is required. We structure intentional communication into a series of requirements, each of which can be operationalised, investigated empirically, and must be met for purposive, intentionally communicative acts to be demonstrated. Our unified approach helps elucidate the distribution of animal intentional communication and subsequently serves to clarify what is meant by attributions of intentional communication in animals and humans

Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms in Melanoma

Recent studies have indicated an increasing incidence of melanoma worldwide. Although UV signature mutations are found rarely in melanoma cells, there is some evidence that intense intermittent exposure to sunlight can induce melanocyte tumorigenesis, and this is also observed after UV irradiation in some animals. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the most important mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this tumor. Genetic studies showed the familiar melanoma is linked to the mutation or deletion of the suppressor gene CDKN2A, and perhaps to CDK4. Studies showed that BRAF mutation is frequent in primary and metastatic melanoma cells but also in naevocytic nevi. This mutation activates the RAF/MEK pathway. Exposure to UV radiation induces immunosuppression. Recent investigations showed that chemokines, angiogenesis, metalloproteinases can play a role in the mechanism of metastasis. In spite of these advances the initiating events are still not completely understood. In conclusion, the pathogenesis of melanoma is very complex because numerous genetic and epigenetic factors are implicated in its development and progression, but some of the showed mechanisms can be targets for new therapies

Intestinal Microbiota Composition of Interleukin-10 Deficient C57BL/6J Mice and Susceptibility to Helicobacter hepaticus-Induced Colitis

The mouse pathobiont Helicobacter hepaticus can induce typhlocolitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice, and H. hepaticus infection of immunodeficient mice is widely used as a model to study the role of pathogens and commensal bacteria in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. C57BL/6J Il10[superscript −/−] mice kept under specific pathogen-free conditions in two different facilities (MHH and MIT), displayed strong differences with respect to their susceptibilities to H. hepaticus-induced intestinal pathology. Mice at MIT developed robust typhlocolitis after infection with H. hepaticus, while mice at MHH developed no significant pathology after infection with the same H. hepaticus strain. We hypothesized that the intestinal microbiota might be responsible for these differences and therefore performed high resolution analysis of the intestinal microbiota composition in uninfected mice from the two facilities by deep sequencing of partial 16S rRNA amplicons. The microbiota composition differed markedly between mice from both facilities. Significant differences were also detected between two groups of MHH mice born in different years. Of the 119 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that occurred in at least half the cecum or colon samples of at least one mouse group, 24 were only found in MIT mice, and another 13 OTUs could only be found in MHH samples. While most of the MHH-specific OTUs could only be identified to class or family level, the MIT-specific set contained OTUs identified to genus or species level, including the opportunistic pathogen, Bilophila wadsworthia. The susceptibility to H. hepaticus-induced colitis differed considerably between Il10[superscript −/−] mice originating from the two institutions. This was associated with significant differences in microbiota composition, highlighting the importance of characterizing the intestinal microbiome when studying murine models of IBD.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant NIH P01-CA26731)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant NIH P30ES0026731)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant NIH R01-OD011141