KANDUNGAN BAHAN KERING DAN KONDISI FISIK LIMBAH PERTANIAN YANG MENDAPAT TEKNOLOGI APLIKATIF Trichoderma sp SEBAGAI PAKAN RUMINANSIA: Dry Matter Content and Physical Condition of Agricultural by-product with Aplicative Technology Trichoderma sp. as Ruminats Feed

Food crops and plantation waste can potentially be a source of ruminant feed. The problem faced is generally low quality. This study aims to analyze the dry matter content and physical condition of several agricultural by-products that received the applicative technology of Trichoderma sp as ruminant feed. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) with a 5x3x3 factorial pattern. The first factor is agricultural by-products, including corn straws, sago dregs, banana stalks, rice straws, and cocoa husks. The second factor is the level of Trichoderma sp of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5%. The variance showed that the type of agricultural by-products and the level of Trichoderma sp had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the dry matter content. In contrast, the interaction between the type of by-products and the level of Trichoderma sp had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the dry matter content. It concluded that the higher level of Trichoderma sp increased dry matter, and corn straw had the highest dry matter content

KANDUNGAN BAHAN KERING DAN KONDISI FISIK LIMBAH PERTANIAN YANG MENDAPAT TEKNOLOGI APLIKATIF Trichoderma sp SEBAGAI PAKAN RUMINANSIA: Dry Matter Content and Physical Condition of Agricultural by-product with Aplicative Technology Trichoderma sp. as Ruminats Feed

Food crops and plantation waste can potentially be a source of ruminant feed. The problem faced is generally low quality. This study aims to analyze the dry matter content and physical condition of several agricultural by-products that received the applicative technology of Trichoderma sp as ruminant feed. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) with a 5x3x3 factorial pattern. The first factor is agricultural by-products, including corn straws, sago dregs, banana stalks, rice straws, and cocoa husks. The second factor is the level of Trichoderma sp of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5%. The variance showed that the type of agricultural by-products and the level of Trichoderma sp had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the dry matter content. In contrast, the interaction between the type of by-products and the level of Trichoderma sp had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the dry matter content. It concluded that the higher level of Trichoderma sp increased dry matter, and corn straw had the highest dry matter content

Kandungan Tanin, VFA dan Amonia pada Sistem Rumen in Vitro Daun Maja (Aegle marmelos) dan Daun Gamal (Gliricidia sepium)

Tanin adalah zat antinutrisi yang terdapat pada tanaman hijauan, tetapi memiliki dampak positif dalam proses pencernaan ternak yaitu meningkatkan bypass protein. VFA (volatile fatty acids) adalah hasil perombakan dari karbohidrat dimana karbohidrat diperlukan oleh tubuh ternak sebagai sumber energi dan amonia adalah hasil perombakan dari protein dalam proses fermentasi dalam rumen ternak yang dipengaruhi oleh tanin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi perbandingan kandungan VFA dan amonia daun maja (Aegle marmelos) dan daun gamal (Gliricidia sepium) sebagai bahan pakan alternatif secara in vitro. Penelitian dianalisis menggunakan uji T dengan 2 bahan daun maja (Aegle marmelos) dan daun gamal (Gliricidia sepium). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan tanin rata-rata untuk daun maja (1.11%) dan daun gamal (0.82%). Kandungan amonia daun gamal (39.8 mM) dan daun maja (35.82 mM), dan kandungan VFA daun maja (103.28 mM) dan daun gamal (93.42 mM). Disimpulkan bahwa kandungan tanin lebih tinggi pada daun maja dibanding dengan daun gamal, kandungan VFA daun maja lebih tinggi daripada daun gamal dan masih pada kisaran normal. Kandungan amonia daun gamal lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan daun maja dan berada di atas kisaran normal

Effects of oxygen and hydrogen on tensile and internal friction properties of niobium-vanadium alloys

The effect of additions of up to 10 at% vanadium on the oxygen Snoek peak in niobium was investigated by an internal friction technique. Vanadium-oxygen interaction peaks were identified at approximately 500 K and 650 K. For the Nb-0.24 at% V and the Nb-0.42 at% V alloys, at an oxygen/vanadium ratio greater than one, the 400 K unperturbed oxygen Snoek peak in niobium appears, thus providing strong evidence for oxygen trapping in these alloys. The 500 K peak is interpreted as a stress induced reorientation of oxygen associated with a single vanadium atom in a type n = 1 cell, whereas the 650 K peak is due to oxygen associated with two or more vanadium atoms in type n = 2 and n = 3 cells. The observed results are discussed in terms of the elastic and chemical interaction models for substitutional-interstitial solute interactions in a bcc lattice;Internal friction results do not provide evidence of an oxygen-hydrogen interaction. Hydrogen has no observable effect on the oxygen Snoek peak in unalloyed niobium and oxygen has no effect on the peak temperature or activation enthalpy for hydrogen relaxation in the Nb-10 at% V alloy;The effects of oxygen and hydrogen on the tensile properties of the Nb-10 at% V alloy were also studied. The addition of oxygen increases both the thermal and athermal stress components, although the effect is more pronounced on the thermal than on the athermal stress component. The 0.2% tensile yield stress is proportional to concentration as is predicted for a concentrated solid solution. For the Nb-10 at% V alloy containing hydrogen, alloy softening is observed at (TURN)125 K regardless of the presence of oxygen. This behavior is explained by the stress-induced ordering of hydrogen atoms in this temperature range. The effect of hydrogen on the strengthening and ductility of this alloy is much more pronounced in the presence of oxygen than in the low oxygen alloy

Graphene-based nanocarbons for catalytic degradation of aqueous contaminants

This study focuses on catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants, phenol and nitrobenzene (NB), in wastewater. Various carbons were used for adsorption and catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PDS) for phenol and NB degradation. It was observed that free radicals, hydroxyl (•OH) and sulfate (SO4•–) radicals, were generated in catalytic activation of PMS and PDS and reaction temperature, aqueous pH and catalyst properties played significant roles in catalytic oxidation

Effects of nitrogen-, boron-, and phosphorus-doping or codoping on metal-free graphene catalysis

Graphene-based materials have been demonstrated as excellent alternatives to traditional metal-based catalysts in environmental remediation. The metal-free nature of the nanocarbons can completely prevent toxic metal leaching and the associated secondary contamination. In this study, nitrogen doped graphene (NG) at a doping level of 6.54 at.% was prepared at mild conditions. Moreover, B- and P-doping or codoping with N in graphene were also achieved by a simple route. The modified graphene can efficiently activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to produce sulfate radicals to oxidize phenol solutions. Kinetic studies indicated that initial phenol concentration, PMS dosage, and temperature presented significant influences on the degradation rates. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis provided further insights into the evolution of active radicals during the activation of PMS and SO4•− was believed to be the primary radicals in the oxidation reactions. This study demonstrated a metal-free material for green catalysis in environmental remediation

Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene via low-temperature pyrolysis: The effects of precursors and annealing ambience on metal-free catalytic oxidation

A green and facile protocol of thermal treatment of graphene oxide (GO) with urea was adopted to synthesize nitrogen-doped graphene (NG-Urea-air) at a low temperature (350 °C) in the static air. The resulting sample exhibited outstanding catalytic performance to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) toward organic degradation. The NG-Urea-air induced 49.7- and 11.5-fold enhancement over GO and pristine reduced graphene oxide (rGO-air). Moreover, the influences of nitrogen precursors including organic chemicals (urea, cyanamide, and melamine) and inorganic salts (ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride) were investigated, and urea was demonstrated to be the best precursor for synthesizing N-doped graphene with a relative high doping level (18.7 at.%). The classical radical quenching and advanced in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technology revealed that the outstanding oxidative effectiveness of PMS/NG-Urea-air system was originated from the nonradical oxidation pathway, in which PMS was activated by the positively charged carbon domains next to nitrogen atoms and the phenol was oxidized simultaneously on the carbon network via rapid charge transfer. Meanwhile, singlet oxygen and radicals may also partially contribute to the complete phenol degradation. This study facilitates a fundamental investigation of heteroatom doping progress during thermal treatment and sheds light on the insights into carbocatalysis in environmental remediation

Smallholder planning for Bali cattle fattening in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

This study aims to analyse enterprise budgeting and the factors that affect the smallholder Bali cattle fattening income in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The total respondents were 46 farmers include 11 farmers at Bali cattle fattening enterprise six-month period and 35 farmers at fattening enterprise nine-month period. Respondents were selected using a purposive method. The data of the research was collected using interviews with questionnaires. Analysis of economic potential as follows net income and return to labour and management used enterprise budgeting analysis. The factors that affect the income of farmers using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the 6- and 9-month fattening period of the smallholder Bali cattle fattening have net income of IDR 23,122,086 / farmer/period and IDR 11,926,657/farmer/period. In addition, it provides returns to labour and management of IDR 27,428,173/farmer/period and IDR 15,111,982/farmer/period. The number of feeder cattle and non-formal education dummy partially and significantly influence (P<0.01) income smallholders. Smallholder Bali cattle fattening enterprise is a potential business alternative to generate income for rural communities. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Effects of oxygen and hydrogen on tensile and internal friction properties of niobium-vanadium alloys

The effect of additions of up to 10 at% vanadium on the oxygen Snoek peak in niobium was investigated by an internal friction technique. Vanadium-oxygen interaction peaks were identified at approximately 500 K and 650 K. For the Nb-0.24 at% V and the Nb-0.42 at% V alloys, at an oxygen/vanadium ratio greater than one, the 400 K unperturbed oxygen Snoek peak in niobium appears, thus providing strong evidence for oxygen trapping in these alloys. The 500 K peak is interpreted as a stress induced reorientation of oxygen associated with a single vanadium atom in a type n = 1 cell, whereas the 650 K peak is due to oxygen associated with two or more vanadium atoms in type n = 2 and n = 3 cells. The observed results are discussed in terms of the elastic and chemical interaction models for substitutional-interstitial solute interactions in a bcc lattice;Internal friction results do not provide evidence of an oxygen-hydrogen interaction. Hydrogen has no observable effect on the oxygen Snoek peak in unalloyed niobium and oxygen has no effect on the peak temperature or activation enthalpy for hydrogen relaxation in the Nb-10 at% V alloy;The effects of oxygen and hydrogen on the tensile properties of the Nb-10 at% V alloy were also studied. The addition of oxygen increases both the thermal and athermal stress components, although the effect is more pronounced on the thermal than on the athermal stress component. The 0.2% tensile yield stress is proportional to concentration as is predicted for a concentrated solid solution. For the Nb-10 at% V alloy containing hydrogen, alloy softening is observed at (TURN)125 K regardless of the presence of oxygen. This behavior is explained by the stress-induced ordering of hydrogen atoms in this temperature range. The effect of hydrogen on the strengthening and ductility of this alloy is much more pronounced in the presence of oxygen than in the low oxygen alloy.</p