BeppoSAX-WFC monitoring of the Galactic Center region

We review the results obtained with the Galactic center campaigns of the BeppoSAX Wide Field X-ray Cameras (WFCs). This pertains to the study of luminous low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). When pointed at the Galactic center, the WFC field of view contains more than half of the Galactic LMXB population. The results exemplify the excellent WFC capability to detect brief X-ray transients. Firstly, the WFCs expanded the known population of Galactic thermonuclear X-ray bursters by 50%. At least half of all LMXBs are now established to burst and, thus, to contain a neutron star as compact accretor rather than a black hole candidate. We provide a complete list of all 76 currently known bursters, including the new case 1RXS J170854.4-321857. Secondly, the WFCs have uncovered a population of weak transients with peak luminosities up to ~10^37 erg/s and durations from days to weeks. One is the first accretion-powered millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658. Thirdly, the WFCs contributed considerably towards establishing that nearly all (12 out of 13) luminous low-mass X-ray binaries in Galactic globular clusters contain neutron stars rather than black holes. Thus, the neutron star to black hole ratio in clusters differs from that in the Galactic disk at a marginal confidence level of 97%.Comment: 10 pages 6 figures, to appear in Proc. "The Restless High-Energy Universe" (2nd BeppoSAX Symposium), eds. E.P.J. van den Heuvel, J.J.M. in 't Zand & R.A.M.J. Wijers, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B Suppl. Se

Discovery of GRS 1915+105 variability patterns in the Rapid Burster

We report the discovery of two new types of variability in the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary MXB 1730-335 (the 'Rapid Burster'). In one observation in 1999, it exhibits a large-amplitude quasi-periodic oscillation with a period of about 7 min. In another observation in 2008, it exhibits two 4-min long 75 per cent deep dips 44 min apart. These two kinds of variability are very similar to the so-called $\rho$ or 'heartbeat' variability and the $\theta$ variability, respectively, seen in the black hole low-mass X-ray binaries GRS 1915+105 and IGR J17091-3624. This shows that these types of behavior are unrelated to a black hole nature of the accretor. Our findings also show that these kinds of behaviour need not take place at near-Eddington accretion rates. We speculate that they may rather be related to the presence of a relatively wide orbit with an orbital period in excess of a few days and about the relation between these instabilities and the type II bursts.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS letter

Achromatic late-time variability in thermonuclear X-ray bursts - an accretion disk disrupted by a nova-like shell?

An unusual Eddington-limited thermonuclear X-ray burst was detected from the accreting neutron star in 2S 0918-549 with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer. The burst commenced with a brief (40 ms) precursor and maintained near-Eddington fluxes during the initial 77 s. These characteristics are indicative of a nova-like expulsion of a shell from the neutron star surface. Starting 122 s into the burst, the burst shows strong (87 +/- 1% peak-to-peak amplitude) achromatic fluctuations for 60 s. We speculate that the fluctuations are due to Thompson scattering by fully-ionized inhomogeneities in a resettling accretion disk that was disrupted by the effects of super-Eddington fluxes. An expanding shell may be the necessary prerequisite for the fluctuations.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to A&

IGR J17254-3257, a new bursting neutron star

The study of the observational properties of uncommonly long bursts from low luminosity sources with extended decay times up to several tens of minutes is important when investigating the transition from a hydrogen-rich bursting regime to a pure helium regime and from helium burning to carbon burning as predicted by current burst theories. IGR J17254-3257 is a recently discovered X-ray burster of which only two bursts have been recorded: an ordinary short type I X-ray burst, and a 15 min long burst. An upper limit to its distance is estimated to about 14.5 kpc. The broad-band spectrum of the persistent emission in the 0.3-100 keV energy band obtained using contemporaneous INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton data indicates a bolometric flux of 1.1x10^-10 erg/cm2/s corresponding, at the canonical distance of 8 kpc, to a luminosity about 8.4x10^35 erg/s between 0.1-100 keV, which translates to a mean accretion rate of about 7x10^-11 solar masses per year. The low X-ray persistent luminosity of IGR J17254-3257 seems to indicate the source may be in a state of low accretion rate usually associated with a hard spectrum in the X-ray range. The nuclear burning regime may be intermediate between pure He and mixed H/He burning. The long burst is the result of the accumulation of a thick He layer, while the short one is a prematurate H-triggered He burning burst at a slightly lower accretion rate.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; accepted for publication in A&A Letters. 1 reference (Cooper & Narayan, 2007) correcte

The Corrected Log N-Log Fluence Distribution of Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts

Recent analysis of relativistically expanding shells of cosmological gamma-ray bursts has shown that if the bursts are cosmological, then most likely total energy (E_0) is standard and not peak luminosity (L_0). Assuming a flat Friedmann cosmology (q_o = 1/2, Lambda = 0) and constant rate density (rho_0) of bursting sources, we fit a standard candle energy to a uniformly selected log N-log S in the BATSE 3B catalog correcting for fluence efficiency and averaging over 48 observed spectral shapes. We find the data consistent with E_0 = 7.3^{+0.7}_{-1.0} X 10^{51} ergs and discuss implications of this energy for cosmological models of gamma-ray bursts.Comment: A five page LateX file that uses the Revtex conference proceedings macro aipbook.sty, and includes three postscript figures using psfig. To Be published in the Proceedings of the Third Hunstville Symposium on Gamma-Ray Bursts, eds. C. Kouveliotou, M.S. Briggs and G.J. Fishman (New York:AIP). Postscript version availible at http://nis-www.lanl.gov/~jsbloom/LOG_S.p