Analysis of Microtremor Data Using Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) Method of Makassar, South Sulawesi

Makassar has experienced earthquakes indicating that the city is an area vulnerable to earthquake hazards.  The regional tectonic setting supports the hazard in which several major faults develop surrounding the area. Earthquake events in the Makassar Strait of 4.5 SR in December 2015 is one of the hazard in this area. However not all the area was shaking at the same magnitude. The assumption is the different rock formation composing Makassar. Data taken from microtremor measurement supported by coring suggest a dominant frequency distribution has a significant relationship with the rock formation. Low dominant frequency arose at the area with thin sediment deposit (dominantly Camba Volcanic rock) and a high dominant frequency value came up at the area with thick sediment deposits (alluvial).  High seismic susceptibility index is found in thick sediment deposit. The area consists of interlayering between sand and clay and has shallow ground water table. On the other hand low vulnerability index is found in thin sediment deposit. It consists dominantly of tuff of Camba Volcanic Rock and has deep groundwater tabl

WEATHERING STAGE CONTROL OF TUFF AND ITS INFLUENCE TO THE MALINO–MANIPI LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY, SOUTH SULAWESI INDONESIA

In 2013 there has been 34 incidents of landslides which cut the roads linking between Gowa and Sinjai off. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on the stage of weathering of landslide in the study area. Methods used in this study are field survey, petrographic analysis, XRD analysis and shear strength testing of rock. Field survey results indicates that the area is dominated by tuffs that are partly volcanic breccia and lava. Petrographic analysis, showing the dominant composition of tuff with volcanic glass, bitownite, pyroxene and opaque minerals, and XRD analysis results indicate weathering tuffs that have experienced high and completely weathered contain smectite and halloysite clay types, and insitu shear strength test results indicate a strong shift to the lower tuff with high stage of weathering. Keywords: Susceptability to landslides, the stage of weathering, halloysite and smectite, shear strength, roads of Malino–Manip

Model Development Relating Electrical Resistivity to Mechanical Elasticity of Hydrothermal Aquifer at Geothermal Area of Panggo-Kaloling, Sinjai Regency, Indonesia

A mathematical model has been developed to obtain the relationship between two parameters of electrical resistivity and mechanical elasticity of subsurface rocks of the hydrothermal area of Panggo-Kaloling in Sinjai Regency.The model was developed using data exploration concerning of both methods from the area under consideration. Constructed model is able to relate a time travel of seismic waves propagation that stands for mechanical elasticity to electrical resistivity in the area. The characterictic properties of the relation show a close connection to the parameter of porosity of the subsurface rocks. Comparing the results derived from the modeling with that of obtained from measurement gives suitable approximation with error level of less than 20%. The study concludes that the model is able to predict mechanical elasticity by using geo-electric method, or electric resistivity by using seismic refraction method

Mineral Tanah sebagai Indikator Stabilitas Tanah pada Daerah Berlereng: Studi Kasus Tombolopao Kabupaten Gowa

Soil forming process can influence soil stability, especially on a sloping area, which is currently related to landslides. This research aims to study mineral content in the soil as an indicator to evaluate soil stability in slope area. Soil texture analyzed with hydrometer and soil mineral analyzed with Kerr method. Soil parent rock comes from Tpbv (Tertiary Pliocene Baturape Volcanic) Formation that consists of lava, breccia, tuff, and conglomerate. Soil texture in A horizon dominated with silty clay loam and in B horizon with silty clay. Clay content in A horizon to B horizon increase ranges from 2-6%. Soils mineral have been weathering on the physical and chemical, which caused cracking on minerals lattice and formed clay minerals inside it. The presence of clay minerals between soil mineral particles can cause mutual repulsion force and cause friction particles that triggering the movement of particles in a small scale when soil saturated by water and triggers soil movement (landslide)

Early Life Child Micronutrient Status, Maternal Reasoning, and a Nurturing Household Environment have Persistent Influences on Child Cognitive Development at Age 5 years : Results from MAL-ED

Funding Information: The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project (MAL-ED) is carried out as a collaborative project supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Foundation for the NIH, and the National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center. This work was also supported by the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health (D43-TW009359 to ETR). Author disclosures: BJJM, SAR, LEC, LLP, JCS, BK, RR, RS, ES, LB, ZR, AM, RS, BN, SH, MR, RO, ETR, and LEM-K, no conflicts of interest. Supplemental Tables 1–5 and Supplemental Figures 1–3 are available from the “Supplementary data” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at https://academic.oup.com/jn/. Address correspondence to LEM-K (e-mail: [email protected]). Abbreviations used: HOME, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment inventory; MAL-ED, The Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project; TfR, transferrin receptor; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool Primary Scales of Intelligence.Peer reviewe

Spatiotemporal variation in risk of Shigella infection in childhood : a global risk mapping and prediction model using individual participant data

BACKGROUND: Diarrhoeal disease is a leading cause of childhood illness and death globally, and Shigella is a major aetiological contributor for which a vaccine might soon be available. The primary objective of this study was to model the spatiotemporal variation in paediatric Shigella infection and map its predicted prevalence across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: Individual participant data for Shigella positivity in stool samples were sourced from multiple LMIC-based studies of children aged 59 months or younger. Covariates included household-level and participant-level factors ascertained by study investigators and environmental and hydrometeorological variables extracted from various data products at georeferenced child locations. Multivariate models were fitted and prevalence predictions obtained by syndrome and age stratum. FINDINGS: 20 studies from 23 countries (including locations in Central America and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and south and southeast Asia) contributed 66 563 sample results. Age, symptom status, and study design contributed most to model performance followed by temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and soil moisture. Probability of Shigella infection exceeded 20% when both precipitation and soil moisture were above average and had a 43% peak in uncomplicated diarrhoea cases at 33°C temperatures, above which it decreased. Compared with unimproved sanitation, improved sanitation decreased the odds of Shigella infection by 19% (odds ratio [OR]=0·81 [95% CI 0·76-0·86]) and open defecation decreased them by 18% (OR=0·82 [0·76-0·88]). INTERPRETATION: The distribution of Shigella is more sensitive to climatological factors, such as temperature, than previously recognised. Conditions in much of sub-Saharan Africa are particularly propitious for Shigella transmission, although hotspots also occur in South America and Central America, the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, and the island of New Guinea. These findings can inform prioritisation of populations for future vaccine trials and campaigns. FUNDING: NASA, National Institutes of Health-The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Exact solutions for n-layer concentric flow of PTT fluids through a cylindrical pipe

Flows of multiple layers of fluids are encountered in many industrial and manufacturing processes. This paper investigates the concentric n-layer flow for PTT fluids through a cylindrical pipe. Finitely many immiscible non-Newtonian fluids are considered to be flowing concentrically in a tube. The flow is modelled using the exponential PTT fluid model and exact solutions for velocity fields and volume flow rates are computed. \textcolor{red}{It has been shown that the corresponding results for linear PTT fluid model as well as Newtonian fluids can be deduced from the obtained expressions, and that they match with present literature. It has also been observed that for such layered flow, the non-Newtonian parameters significantly affect the flow of fluids in adjacent layers. The effects of involved parameters on the velocity profiles are also shown graphically. We also show that a unique velocity maximum exists along the axis of the pipe. Moreover, it is also observed with the help of an example that layer thickness can be adjusted in order to obtain maximal flow rate with a given pressure gradient.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Olistostrome and the mesozoic tectonic of the bantimala complex, South Sulawesi

The study aims to determine the presences and spreads of the olistostrome as one components of the tectonic complex of Bantimala area. The basement rocks of Bantimala area is a metamorphic rocks, which are unconformably overlain by Balangbaru Formation and radiolarian chert. Beneath in between cherts and basement rocks are presence breccia schists which give rise to various presumptions and interpretations of the environment and conditions of formation as submarine deposit, ideally cherts in the area underlain by oceanic crust.Schist breccias presence underneath of cherts in the Bantimala Complexes were suggested an olistostrome deposit. It was characterized by poorly sorting, unfoliated, shows deformed textures and composed olisthtolits which are embedded in sandy matrices, and in the cherts are presence layer sandstones and schist fragments. Olistostrome is sedimentary deposit as preserved in the trench, they will give us an interpretation that prior to formed cherts in the Bantimala area, initially tectonic subduction activity which are deforming and brecciation of the basement rocks subsequently as the constituent material of olistostrome

Olistostrome and the mesozoic tectonic of the bantimala complex, South Sulawesi

The study aims to determine the presences and spreads of the olistostrome as one components of the tectonic complex of Bantimala area. The basement rocks of Bantimala area is a metamorphic rocks, which are unconformably overlain by Balangbaru Formation and radiolarian chert. Beneath in between cherts and basement rocks are presence breccia schists which give rise to various presumptions and interpretations of the environment and conditions of formation as submarine deposit, ideally cherts in the area underlain by oceanic crust.Schist breccias presence underneath of cherts in the Bantimala Complexes were suggested an olistostrome deposit. It was characterized by poorly sorting, unfoliated, shows deformed textures and composed olisthtolits which are embedded in sandy matrices, and in the cherts are presence layer sandstones and schist fragments. Olistostrome is sedimentary deposit as preserved in the trench, they will give us an interpretation that prior to formed cherts in the Bantimala area, initially tectonic subduction activity which are deforming and brecciation of the basement rocks subsequently as the constituent material of olistostrome