SUMBER DAYA TERUMBU KARANG PULAU PENATA BESAR, LEMUKUTAN DAN PULAU KABUNG PERAIRAN KALIMANTAN BARAT

Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2004 bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis, distribusi dan persen tutupan karang serta faktor-faktor yang mungkin mengancam kerusakan lingkungan hidup di terumbu karang. Metode yang digunakan adalah Line lntercept Transect dan Observasi Langsung di lapangan pada 4 stasiun penelitian

JENIS-JENIS DAN KEPADATAN IKAN KARANG DI PULAU PENATA BESAR, LEMUKUTAN, DAN PULAU KABUNG, PERAIRAN KALIMANTAN BARAT

Penelitian yang dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2004 ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data dan informasi ikanikan yang hidup dan berasosiasi dengan karang serta memprediksi faktor-faktor penghambat yang mempengaruhi keberadaan di wilayah perairan pulau-pulau kecil di Kalimantan Barat.Metode yang digunakan adalah sensus visual pada transek garis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah jenis ikan karang berkisar antara 36 sampai dengan 51 jenis dengan kepadatan antara 10 sampai dengan 15 individu per m2. Rata-rata untuk Indeks keanekaragaman jenis (H), Indeks Dominasi (D), Indeks Keseimbangan (E), dan Irian Jaya Reef Diversity Index masing-masing 2,7; 0,1; 0,7; dan 4,5. Persentase ikan kelompok mayor rata-rata 66%, kelompok ikan target 19%, dan kelompok ikan indikator 15%. Sedangkan rata-rata persentase penggolongan ikan berdasarkan pada nilai ekonomi 66% ikan ekonomis rendah, 17% ikan ekonomis sedang, dan 17% ikan ekonomis tinggi. Faktor pembatas distribusi ikan adalah kekeruhan air yang cukup tinggi yang disebabkan oleh sedimen dari daratan. A study conducted in June 2004 aims to obtain data and information of fish living on and associating to coral reefs, and also to assume limitting factors for fish distribution. A sampling method used was visual census on a transect line. The result shows that the number of coral fish ranged from 36 to 51 species. The density of coral fish ranged from 10 to 15 indivdual per m2. The means of Diversity Indeces (H), Dominance Indeces (D), Eveness Indeces, and Irian Jaya Reef Diversity Index indeces were 2.7; 0.1; 0.7; and 4.5, respectively. The percentages of a major fish group, a target fish group, and an indicator fish group were average of 66, 19, and 15%, respectively. The mean percentages of marketable based fish groups consisted of 66% of low valuable fishes, 17% of fair valuable fishes, and 17% of high valuable fishes. The low level of body water transfarancy due to upland sediment was a limitting factor for the attendance of coral fish in the coral reef area of study sites

Coral geochemical response to uplift in the aftermath of the 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake

On 28 March 2005, the Indonesian islands of Nias and Simeulue experienced a powerful Mw 8.6 earthquake and coseismic uplift and subsidence. In areas of coastal uplift (up to ~ 2.8 m), fringing reef coral communities were killed by exposure, while deeper corals that survived were subjected to habitats with altered runoff, sediment and nutrient regimes. Here we present time-series (2000–2009) of Mn/Ca, Y/Ca and Ba/Ca variability in massive Porites corals from Nias to assess the environmental impact of a wide range of vertical displacement (+ 2.5 m to − 0.4 m). High-resolution LA-ICP-MS measurements show that skeletal Mn/Ca increased at uplifted sites, regardless of reef type, indicating a post-earthquake increase in suspended sediment delivery. Transient and/or long-term increases in skeletal Y/Ca at all uplift sites support the idea of increased sediment delivery. Coral Mn/Ca and Ba/Ca in lagoonal environments highlight the additional influences of reef bathymetry, wind-driven sediment resuspension, and phytoplankton blooms on coral geochemistry. Together, the results show that the Nias reefs adapted to fundamentally altered hydrographic conditions. We show how centuries of repeated subsidence and uplift during great-earthquake cycles along the Sunda megathrust may have shaped the modern-day predominance of massive scleractinian corals on the West Sumatran reefs

Persistent elastic behavior above a megathrust rupture patch: Nias island, West Sumatra

We quantify fore-arc deformation using fossil reefs to test the assumption commonly made in seismic cycle models that anelastic deformation of the fore arc is negligible. Elevated coral microatolls, paleoreef flats, and chenier plains show that the Sumatran outer arc island of Nias has experienced a complex pattern of relatively slow long-term uplift and subsidence during the Holocene epoch. This same island rose up to 2.9 m during the Mw 8.7 Sunda megathrust rupture in 2005. The mismatch between the 2005 and Holocene uplift patterns, along with the overall low rates of Holocene deformation, reflects the dominance of elastic strain accumulation and release along this section of the Sunda outer arc high and the relatively subordinate role of upper plate deformation in accommodating long-term plate convergence. The fraction of 2005 uplift that will be retained permanently is generally <4% for sites that experienced more than 0.25 m of coseismic uplift. Average uplift rates since the mid-Holocene range from 1.5 to −0.2 mm/a and are highest on the eastern coast of Nias, where coseismic uplift was nearly zero in 2005. The pattern of long-term uplift and subsidence is consistent with slow deformation of Nias along closely spaced folds in the north and trenchward dipping back thrusts in the southeast. Low Holocene tectonic uplift rates provide for excellent geomorphic and stratigraphic preservation of the mid-Holocene relative sea level high, which was under way by ∼7.3 ka and persisted until ∼2 ka

ANALISIS KESESUAIAN UNIT BISNIS TERHADAP PERUSAHAAN KORPORAT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CORPORATE PARENTING FRAMEWORK

According to Thompson & Strickland (2001), a company commits diversification just to increase the company value for the benefit of their shareholders. In order to do so, diversified companies have to achieve a better performance compared with each business unit performance if they stand alone (stand alone enterprises). Several ways could be taken when the company decided to diversify its business. One of them is by doing mergers and acquisitions. However, acquisition also has the potential for failure. Problems that are often found is difficulties in integration. Synergy occurs when assets are used together to produce greater value when compared with the use of separately by each company. To achieve synergies, companies should be able to identify the level of balance between business units with the company corporate. One method that can be used to identify this is by using corporate parenting framework (Goold, et al. 1995). This framework uses a structured analysis approach (structured analytical approach) which consists of four main components to assess the level of conformity that is described in parenting fit matrix, namely Critical success factors, Parenting opportunity, characteristic Parenting, and Parenting fit matrix. Mapping business unit on parenting fit matrix will describe the business unit's position in the corporate portfolio into 5 main categories, namely Heartland Business, Edge of Heartland Business, Business Ballast, Alien Territory Business, and Business Value Trap, where each position has implications for strategies that different for future development. After completing the identification, weighting and scoring process between business units and parent company, found that the score for variable critical success factors amounted to 4.0 and the score for variable parenting opportunites is 4.0. If the number is in describing the parenting fit into the matrix, it will show that the company was in territori edge of Heartland. Optimizing the benefits of which are owned by corporate companies, retain talent you have, and continue to develop competitive products and innovative is the miraculous way that can be done to win the competition

Using coral geodesy to investigate seismic cycle in the banyak islands, Indonesia

The location of the Banyak Islands above the down-dip limit of the 2005 Nias-Simeulue earthquake rupture provides a unique opportunity to study the seismic cycle. The synthesis of sea level histories based on Porites genus corals at three sites spanning a 40-km transect perpendicular to the Sunda trench allows a reconstruction of the interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic deformation that occurred before, during, and after the 2005 event. During the earthquake, the western island of Bangkaru uplifted while the eastern islands subsided, suggesting that the island group is located above the down-dip limit of slip. Early postseismic motions suggest that much of the coseismic subsidence in the Banyak Islands will be recovered quickly by postseismic uplift in the decades following the earthquake, with low rates of subsidence occurring in the latter part of the interseismic period. This deformation pattern implies that the Banyak Islands overlie the down-dip edge of a locked patch on the megathrust. This asperity probably slips only during large earthquakes whereas the adjacent down-dip region of the fault slips with initially accelerated postseismic rates, slowing and perhaps becoming completely locked late in the interseismic interval. However, the island of Bangkaru which experienced coseismic uplift has had little or no interseismic or postseismic subsidence, suggesting that an updip slip event is required for elastic recovery

Deformation and Slip Along the Sunda Megathrust in the Great 2005 Nias-Simeulue Earthquake

Seismic rupture produced spectacular tectonic deformation above a 400-kilometer strip of the Sunda megathrust, offshore northern Sumatra, in March 2005. Measurements from coral microatolls and Global Positioning System stations reveal trench-parallel belts of uplift up to 3 meters high on the outer-arc islands above the rupture and a 1-meter-deep subsidence trough farther from the trench. Surface deformation reflects more than 11 meters of fault slip under the islands and a pronounced lessening of slip trenchward. A saddle in megathrust slip separates the northwestern edge of the 2005 rupture from the great 2004 Sumatra-Andaman rupture. The southeastern edge abuts a predominantly aseismic section of the megathrust near the equator