Tulevaisuuden maankäyttöpäätökset

Tulevaisuuden maankäyttöpäätökset on vuoden 2019 aikana laajassa sidosryhmäyhteistyössä toteutettu kehittämishanke. Hankkeen tavoitteena on ollut edistää maankäytön suunnitteluun ja rakentamiseen liittyvien päätösten eli maankäyttöpäätösten digitalisointia, tietoon perustuvaa päätöksentekoa ja tietojen valtakunnallista käytettävyyttä. Tulevaisuuden maankäyttöpäätökset -hankkeessa on luotu yhtenäiset kansalliset linjaukset digitalisaation edistämiseksi. Hankkeessa on määritelty maankäyttöpäätösten digitalisaation tavoitteet, tiekartta ja sitä tukevat toimenpiteet. Hankkeen aikana toteutetuissa toimenpiteissä on keskitytty erityisesti kuntakaavoituksen ja rakentamisen luvituksen välisiin tietovirtoihin sekä niihin liittyvien päätös- ja lähtötietojen kansalliseen saatavuuteen. Merkittävä ensimmäisen vaiheen toimenpide on ollut maankäyttöpäätösten viitearkkitehtuurityön käynnistäminen sekä kansallisen keskustelun edistäminen maankäytön suunnittelun ja rakentamisen tavoiteltavista prosesseista, tietovarannoista, tietovirroista ja kansallisista palveluista. Tärkeäksi on tunnistettu myös maankäyttöpäätösten digitalisaation yhteiskunnallisten vaikutusten arvioiminen, erityisesti eri toimijoiden kustannusten ja hyötyjen osalta. Tähän raporttiin on koottu hankkeen ja sen aikana toteutettujen toimenpiteiden keskeiset tulokset. Toimenpiteitä ja niiden tuloksia käsitellään tarkemmin erillisissä liiteraporteissa. Hankkeen tuloksia hyödynnetään niin maankäyttö- ja rakennuslain kokonaisuudistuksessa kuin hallitusohjelmassa esitetyn rakennetun ympäristön valtakunnallisen rekisterin ja tietoalustan toimeenpanossa

Land use decisions in the future

The development project concerning land use decisions to be made in the future was implemented in broad cooperation between the relevant stakeholders during 2019. The aim of the project was to promote the digitalisation of decisions relating to land use planning and building, i.e. land use decisions, knowledge-based decision-making and usability of information on the national scale. The project concerning land use decisions in the future established harmonised national guidelines to promote digitalisation. The project defined the objectives and roadmap for digitalisation and the measures to support this. In the measures implemented during the project a particular focus was on information flows between municipal zoning and building permit procedures and national-scale access to information on decisions and initial data related to these. Among the important first-stage measures was the launch of the work on a reference architecture for land use decisions and promotion of national dialogue on the processes, information flows and national services we should aim for in the land use planning and building sectors. It is also important to assess the societal impacts of digitalisation, especially in terms of the costs and benefits to the different stakeholders. This report presents the key results of the project and the measures implemented during the process. The findings of the project will be used in the overhaul of the Land Use and Building Act and in the implementation of the national register and data platform for the built environment proposed in the Government Programme

Evolution within a language : Environmental differences contribute to divergence of dialect groups

Background: The processes leading to the diversity of over 7000 present-day languages have been the subject of scholarly interest for centuries. Several factors have been suggested to contribute to the spatial segregation of speaker populations and the subsequent linguistic divergence. However, their formal testing and the quantification of their relative roles is still missing. We focussed here on the early stages of the linguistic divergence process, that is, the divergence of dialects, with a special focus on the ecological settings of the speaker populations. We adopted conceptual and statistical approaches from biological microevolution and parallelled intra-lingual variation with genetic variation within a species. We modelled the roles of geographical distance, differences in environmental and cultural conditions and in administrative history on linguistic divergence at two different levels: between municipal dialects (cf. in biology, between individuals) and between dialect groups (cf. in biology, between populations). Results: We found that geographical distance and administrative history were important in separating municipal dialects. However, environmental and cultural differences contributed markedly to the divergence of dialect groups. In biology, increase in genetic differences between populations together with environmental differences may suggest genetic differentiation of populations through adaptation to the local environment. However, our interpretation of this result is not that language itself adapts to the environment. Instead, it is based on Homo sapiens being affected by its environment, and its capability to adapt culturally to various environmental conditions. The differences in cultural adaptations arising from environmental heterogeneity could have acted as nonphysical barriers and limited the contacts and communication between groups. As a result, linguistic differentiation may emerge over time in those speaker populations which are, at least partially, separated. Conclusions: Given that the dialects of isolated speaker populations may eventually evolve into different languages, our result suggests that cultural adaptation to local environment and the associated isolation of speaker populations have contributed to the emergence of the global patterns of linguistic diversity