Cenário RCP de alta resolução para o século 21 na região Noroeste do Marrocos, projeções futuras para 2041-2060, 2061-2080 e 2081-2100

Climate model simulations of future climate are the basis for adaptation decisions, which the effectiveness will depend on the quality of the models. A set of climate models developed under the CMIP6 project and generated by the spatial bias correction disaggregation method (BCSD) using a statistical downscaling algorithm have been used. These models are used to evaluate the future changes in thermal extremes projected by the climate models over the different time horizons with comparison to the 1981-2000 reference period. These projections are made under the scenario RCP 4.5 (optimistic). The examination of future climate change projections could confirm the result of warming over the entire North West region of Morocco. The increase in temperature could reached an average of 1.8 °C to 2.5 °C just in 2060. In the same sense of warming, the number of hot days and hot nights could increase year by year while a decrease could be noticed in the number of cold days and cold nights. The simulations for the 2080 and 2100 horizons revealed a situation that worsens year by year. The temperature anomaly could reached about 3 °C and more. Thus, a climatic warming may be predicted in the future and generalized over the entire North West region.Las simulaciones de modelos climáticos del clima futuro son la base para las decisiones de adaptación, cuya efectividad dependerá de la calidad de los modelos. Se utilizó un conjunto de modelos climáticos desarrollados en el marco del proyecto CMIP6 y generados por el método de desagregación de corrección de sesgo espacial (BCSD) utilizando un algoritmo estadístico de reducción de escala. Estos modelos se utilizan para evaluar los cambios futuros en los extremos térmicos proyectados por los modelos climáticos en diferentes horizontes temporales en comparación con el período de referencia 1981-2000. Estas proyecciones se realizan bajo el escenario RCP 4.5 (optimista). Examinar las proyecciones del cambio climático futuro puede confirmar el resultado del calentamiento en toda la región noroeste de Marruecos. El aumento de temperatura podría alcanzar un promedio de 1,8 °C a 2,5 °C solo en 2060. En la misma dirección del calentamiento, el número de días y noches calurosos podría aumentar año tras año, mientras que se puede observar una disminución en el número de días y noches fríos. noches frías Las simulaciones para los horizontes 2080 y 2100 revelaron una situación que se agrava año tras año. La anomalía de temperatura puede alcanzar alrededor de 3 °C y más. Por lo tanto, el calentamiento climático puede predecirse en el futuro y generalizarse en toda la región del Noroeste.Simulações de modelos climáticos do clima futuro são a base para decisões de adaptação, cuja eficácia dependerá da qualidade dos modelos. Foi utilizado um conjunto de modelos climáticos desenvolvidos no âmbito do projeto CMIP6 e gerados pelo método de desagregação de correção de viés espacial (BCSD) usando um algoritmo estatístico de redução de escala. Esses modelos são usados para avaliar as mudanças futuras nos extremos térmicos projetados pelos modelos climáticos ao longo dos diferentes horizontes temporais em comparação com o período de referência 1981-2000. Essas projeções são feitas sob o cenário RCP 4.5 (otimista). O exame das projeções de mudanças climáticas futuras pode confirmar o resultado do aquecimento em toda a região Noroeste do Marrocos. O aumento da temperatura pode atingir uma média de 1,8 °C a 2,5 °C apenas em 2060. No mesmo sentido do aquecimento, o número de dias e noites quentes pode aumentar ano a ano enquanto uma diminuição pode ser observada no número de dias frios e noites frias. As simulações para os horizontes 2080 e 2100 revelaram uma situação que se agrava ano a ano. A anomalia de temperatura pode atingir cerca de 3 °C e mais. Assim, um aquecimento climático pode ser previsto no futuro e generalizado em toda a região Noroeste

Stable carbon isotope analysis of Cedrus atlantica pollen as an indicator of moisture availability

Stable carbon isotope analysis of pollen provides potential for reconstruction of past moisture availability in the environment on longer time-scales compared to isotope analysis of plant tissue. Here we show that the carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of pollen, sporopollenin, leaf and stem tissues of Cedrus atlantica are strongly related. Untreated pollen δ13C has a significant linear relationship with sporopollenin δ13C (r2 = 0.97, p < 0.0001) which is relatively depleted in 13C by an average 1.5‰. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) by sporopollenin (derived from pollen δ13C values) is related to mean annual (r2 = 0.54, p < 0.001) and summer precipitation (r2 = 0.63, p < 0.0001). A 100 mm increase in mean annual precipitation results in sporopollenin Δ13C increasing by 0.52‰, or by 1.4‰ per 100 mm summer precipitation. There is a stronger relationship between sporopollenin Δ13C and long-term annual scPDSI (r2 = 0.86, p < 0.0001) and summer scPDSI (r2 = 0.86, p < 0.001) aridity indexes, with reduced Δ13C as aridity increases. These relationships suggest that stable carbon isotope analysis of C. atlantica fossil pollen could be used as a quantitative proxy for the reconstruction of summer moisture availability in Northwest Africa

Les écosystèmes forestiers marocains à l’épreuve des changements climatiques

La météorologie est d’une importance majeure pour la dynamique des écosystèmes forestiers, mais les questions liées au changement climatique n’ont que récemment commencé à être abordées et nécessitent des recherches approfondies. Quelle sera l’évolution de la forêt sous l’influence du changement climatique au cours du XXIe siècle ? Dans cet article, nous considérons en premier lieu la réponse de la biodiversité (flore et faune) aux variations du climat. Puis nous abordons l’effet du changement climatique sur la migration des espèces végétales et animales et le déséquilibre qui en résulte, tout en mettant l’accent sur le phénomène de dépérissement de certaines espèces forestières nobles au Maroc. Nous évoquons aussi les impacts d’évènements extrêmes tels que les gels d’hiver et de printemps, les sécheresses, les pluies intenses et inondations sur les ressources hydriques et le comportement des insectes ravageurs. Ensuite, nous analysons la contribution des changements du climat à la propagation des incendies de forêts dans les montagnes du moyen Atlas et du Rif au Maroc et l’accentuation des phénomènes de désertification et d’ensablement dans les zones arides. En conclusion, nous soulignons les stratégies possibles d’adaptation au niveau national tout en considérant les déplacements géographiques latitudinales et altitudinales des espèces forestières naturelles

L’ AUDIT QUALITÉ, SOCIAL ET ENVIRONNEMENTAL UN OUTIL DE PILOTAGE DE LA PERFORMANCE GLOBALE : ETUDE EXPLORATOIRE DES ENTREPRISES EXPORTATRICES DU SECTEUR AGROALIMENTAIRE

Responsabilité sociétale des entreprises ; Performance sociale et environnementale ; Indicateurs RSE ; Certification ; Audit ‘ qualitéenvironnementsocial’Notre objectif dans cet article est de faire un croisement de deux thématiques dans les sciences des organisations à savoir : les indicateurs de performance en contrôle et la Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises (RSE). En se focalisant sur l’impact de l’implantation des audits qualité, environnement et social sur les indicateurs de pilotage de l’approche RSE. L’intérêt est accordé particulièrement au pilotage des deux dimensions spécifiques de la RSE (sociale et environnementale) en faisant appel à des données et mesures, donc à des indicateurs particuliers : indicateurs non financiers. La présente action de recherche expose les résultats d’une étude exploratoire portant sur un échantillon de 15 entreprises exportatrices du secteur agroalimentaire

LA MAÎTRISE DES INDICATEURS RSE PAR L’AUDIT CERTIFICATION QUALITÉ, SOCIAL ET ENVIRONNEMENTAL, UN GAGE D’UN PILOTAGE PÉRENNE DE LA PERFORMANCE GLOBALE : ETUDE EXPLORATOIRE D’UNE ENTREPRISE AGROALIMENTAIRE

L’objectif de cet article est d’étudier d’une manière approfondie l’impact de l’audit certification qualité, social et environnemental sur le pilotage de la performance globale. Ceci, en tenant son rôle dans la maîtrise des indicateurs, et en analysant les spécificités de ce dernier. Ainsi, que les apports des certificats obtenus dans l’amélioration perpétuelle de la performance globale dans le cas d’une entreprise agroalimentaire. Dans ce contexte, on a procédé dans un premier lieu à la mise en évidence des caractéristiques spécifiques de la démarche qualité, sociale et environnementale. Dans un deuxième lieu, au développement des indicateurs de suivi des orientations environnementales et sociales dans la firme, tout en profitant de la longue expérience de SOVAPEC dans le domaine agroalimentaire

Multidecadal variability in Atlas cedar growth in northwest Africa during the last 850 years: implications for dieback and conservation of an endangered species

Widespread forest dieback is a phenomenon of global concern that requires an improved understanding of the relationship between tree growth and climate to support conservation efforts. One priority for conservation is the Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica), an endangered species exhibiting dieback throughout its North African range. In this study, we evaluate the long-term context for recent dieback and develop a projection of future C. atlantica growth by exploring the periodic variability of its growth through time. First, we present a new C. atlantica tree- ring chronology (1150–2013 CE) from the Middle Atlas mountains, Morocco. We then compare the new chronology to existing C. atlantica chronologies in Morocco and use principal components analysis (PCA) to isolate the common periodic signal from the seven longest available records (PCA7, 1271–1984 CE) in the Middle and High Atlas portions of the C. atlantica range. PCA7 captures 55.7% of the variance and contains significant multidecadal ( ̃95yr, ̃57yr, ̃21yr) periodic components, revealed through spectral and wavelet analyses. Parallel analyses of historical climate data (1901–2016 CE) suggests that the multidecadal growth signal ori- ginates primarily in growing season (spring and summer) precipitation variability, compounded by slow- changing components of summer and winter temperatures. Finally, we model the long-term growth patterns between 1271–1984 CE using a small number (three to four) of harmonic components, illustrating that sup- pressed growth since the 1970s – a factor implicated in the dieback of this species – is consistent with recurrent climatically-driven growth declines. Forward projection of this model suggests two climatically-favourable periods for growth in the 21st century that may enhance current conservation actions for the long-term survival of the C. atlantica in the Middle and High Atlas mountains

Disruption of Trichoderma reesei cre2, encoding an ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, results in increased cellulase activity

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6750/11/103Background: The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) is an important source of cellulases for use in the textile and alternative fuel industries. To fully understand the regulation of cellulase production in T. reesei, the role of a gene known to be involved in carbon regulation in Aspergillus nidulans, but unstudied in T. reesei, was investigated. Results: The T. reesei orthologue of the A. nidulans creB gene, designated cre2, was identified and shown to be functional through heterologous complementation of a creB mutation in A. nidulans. A T. reesei strain was constructed using gene disruption techniques that contained a disrupted cre2 gene. This strain, JKTR2-6, exhibited phenotypes similar to the A. nidulans creB mutant strain both in carbon catabolite repressing, and in carbon catabolite derepressing conditions. Importantly, the disruption also led to elevated cellulase levels. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that cre2 is involved in cellulase expression. Since the disruption of cre2 increases the amount of cellulase activity, without severe morphological affects, targeting creB orthologues for disruption in other industrially useful filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma harzianum or Aspergillus niger may also lead to elevated hydrolytic enzyme activity in these species.Jai A Denton and Joan M Kell

Identification of the CRE-1 Cellulolytic Regulon in Neurospora crassa

Background: In filamentous ascomycete fungi, the utilization of alternate carbon sources is influenced by the zinc finger transcription factor CreA/CRE-1, which encodes a carbon catabolite repressor protein homologous to Mig1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Neurospora crassa, deletion of cre-1 results in increased secretion of amylase and b-galactosidase. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we show that a strain carrying a deletion of cre-1 has increased cellulolytic activity and increased expression of cellulolytic genes during growth on crystalline cellulose (Avicel). Constitutive expression of cre-1 complements the phenotype of a N. crassa Dcre-1 strain grown on Avicel, and also results in stronger repression of cellulolytic protein secretion and enzyme activity. We determined the CRE-1 regulon by investigating the secretome and transcriptome of a Dcre-1 strain as compared to wild type when grown on Avicel versus minimal medium. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR of putative target genes showed that CRE-1 binds to only some adjacent 59-SYGGRG-39 motifs, consistent with previous findings in other fungi, and suggests that unidentified additional regulatory factors affect CRE-1 binding to promoter regions. Characterization of 30 mutants containing deletions in genes whose expression level increased in a Dcre-1 strain under cellulolytic conditions identified novel genes that affect cellulase activity and protein secretion

Correlation of gene expression and protein production rate - a system wide study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Growth rate is a major determinant of intracellular function. However its effects can only be properly dissected with technically demanding chemostat cultivations in which it can be controlled. Recent work on <it>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </it>chemostat cultivations provided the first analysis on genome wide effects of growth rate. In this work we study the filamentous fungus <it>Trichoderma reesei </it>(<it>Hypocrea jecorina</it>) that is an industrial protein production host known for its exceptional protein secretion capability. Interestingly, it exhibits a low growth rate protein production phenotype.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have used transcriptomics and proteomics to study the effect of growth rate and cell density on protein production in chemostat cultivations of <it>T. reesei</it>. Use of chemostat allowed control of growth rate and exact estimation of the extracellular specific protein production rate (SPPR). We find that major biosynthetic activities are all negatively correlated with SPPR. We also find that expression of many genes of secreted proteins and secondary metabolism, as well as various lineage specific, mostly unknown genes are positively correlated with SPPR. Finally, we enumerate possible regulators and regulatory mechanisms, arising from the data, for this response.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on these results it appears that in low growth rate protein production energy is very efficiently used primarly for protein production. Also, we propose that flux through early glycolysis or the TCA cycle is a more fundamental determining factor than growth rate for low growth rate protein production and we propose a novel eukaryotic response to this i.e. the lineage specific response (LSR).</p