Fast Fashion, Luxury Fashion, and Their Sustainability Efforts

The apparel industry can be divided into two categories, fast fashion, and luxury fashion. It’s no secret that the apparel industry has a negative impact on our world in terms of sustainability, greenwashing, pollution, and human rights issues. Although the entire apparel industry plays a role in this, fast fashion seems to be at the forefront of these issues. It is necessary to understand the growth and consumer obsession with fast fashion in order to grasp its negative impact. In the same way, understanding the importance of luxury fashion to the consumer, along with the strides being made by luxury fashion companies to combat the apparel industry’s lasting and detrimental impact on our environment. By conducting research comparing fast fashion and luxury fashion, vital information will be gained to call attention to this issue. In order to fully understand the comparable differences between fast fashion and luxury fashion, a specific comparison between the luxury fashion company, Gucci, and the fast fashion company, Shein, will be conducted using tangible reports and available company information. To visually express the damage fast fashion has on the environment, a creative advertisement campaign has been created. This advertisement campaign, in theory, is meant to be from a luxury fashion company urging a fast fashion company to become more sustainable. This research and information are meant to serve as a benchmark for further research to be done and will allow for awareness and attention to be brought to the issue while explaining and addressing two vital components in the apparel industry

Fast Fashion, Luxury Fashion, and Their Sustainability Efforts

The apparel industry can be divided into two categories, fast fashion, and luxury fashion. It’s no secret that the apparel industry has a negative impact on our world in terms of sustainability, greenwashing, pollution, and human rights issues. Although the entire apparel industry plays a role in this, fast fashion seems to be at the forefront of these issues. It is necessary to understand the growth and consumer obsession with fast fashion in order to grasp its negative impact. In the same way, understanding the importance of luxury fashion to the consumer, along with the strides being made by luxury fashion companies to combat the apparel industry’s lasting and detrimental impact on our environment. By conducting research comparing fast fashion and luxury fashion, vital information will be gained to call attention to this issue. In order to fully understand the comparable differences between fast fashion and luxury fashion, a specific comparison between the luxury fashion company, Gucci, and the fast fashion company, Shein, will be conducted using tangible reports and available company information. To visually express the damage fast fashion has on the environment, a creative advertisement campaign has been created. This advertisement campaign, in theory, is meant to be from a luxury fashion company urging a fast fashion company to become more sustainable. This research and information are meant to serve as a benchmark for further research to be done and will allow for awareness and attention to be brought to the issue while explaining and addressing two vital components in the apparel industry

The organ uptake of intravenously administered colloidal particles can be altered using a non-ionic surfactant (Poloxamer 338)

AbstractSmall polystyrene particles coated with a high Mr non-ionic surfactant (Poloxamer 338) are diverted from the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and spleen to other tissue sites. These results are discussed in terms of the adsorption of the Poloxamer to the particle surface and the implications for drug targeting

Fast Fashion, Luxury Fashion, and Their Sustainability Efforts

The apparel industry can be divided into two categories: fast fashion and luxury fashion. It’s no secret that the apparel industry has a negative impact on our world in terms of sustainability, greenwashing, pollution, and human rights issues. Although the entire apparel industry plays a role in this, fast fashion seems to be at the forefront of these issues. It is necessary to understand the growth and consumer obsession with fast fashion to grasp its negative impact. In the same way, understanding the importance of luxury fashion to the consumer along with the strides being made by luxury fashion companies to combat the apparel industry’s lasting and detrimental impact on our environment will help to explain the industry dynamic. By conducting research comparing fast fashion and luxury fashion, vital information will be gained to call attention to this issue. To fully understand the comparable differences between fast fashion and luxury fashion, a specific comparison between the luxury fashion company Gucci and the fast fashion company SHEIN was conducted using tangible reports and available company information. To visually express the damage fast fashion has on the environment, a creative advertisement campaign was created. This advertisement campaign, in theory, was meant to be from a luxury fashion company urging a fast fashion company to become more sustainable. This research and information are meant to serve as benchmarks for further research and will allow awareness and attention to be brought to the issue while explaining and addressing two vital components in the apparel industry

Participatory organizational intervention for improved use of assistive devices for patient transfer:study protocol for a single-blinded cluster randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have shown that patient transfer is a risk factor for back pain, back injuries and long term sickness absence, whereas consistent use of assistive devices during patient transfer seems to be protective. While classical ergonomic interventions based on education and training in lifting and transferring techniques have not proven to be effective in preventing back pain, participatory ergonomics, that is meant to engage and motivate the involved parties while at the same time making the intervention maximally relevant, may represent a better solution. However, these findings are largely based on uncontrolled studies and thus lack to be confirmed by studies with better study designs. In this article, we present the design of a study which aims to evaluate the effect and process of a participatory organizational intervention for improved use of assistive devices. METHODS: The study was performed as a cluster randomized controlled trial. We recruited 27 departments (clusters) from five hospitals in Denmark to participate in the study. Prior to randomization, interviews, observations and questionnaire answers (baseline questionnaire) were collected to gain knowledge of barriers and potential solutions for better use of assistive devices. In April 2016, the 27 departments were randomly allocated using a random numbers table to a participatory intervention (14 clusters, 324 healthcare workers) or a control group (13 clusters, 318 healthcare workers). The participatory intervention will consist of workshops with leaders and selected healthcare workers of each department. Workshop participants will be asked to discuss the identified barriers, develop solutions for increasing the use of assistive devices and implement them in their department. Use of assistive devices (using digital counters -, primary outcome, and accelerometers and questionnaire - secondary outcome), perceived physical exertion during patient transfer, pain intensity in the lower back, occurrence of work-related back injuries during patient transfer, organizational readiness to change, knowledge on how to perform proper patient transfer, social capital and work ability (secondary outcomes) were assessed at baseline and will also be assessed at 1 year follow-up. Process evaluation will be based on qualitative and quantitative data to assess the implementation, the change process, and the impact of context aspects. DISCUSSION: The study will evaluate the effect and process of a participatory intervention on improving the use of assistive devices for patient transfer among hospital healthcare workers. By using cluster-randomization, as well as process- and effect evaluation based on objective measures we will contribute to the evidence base of a promising intervention approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02708550). March, 2016

Nasal Administration and Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Parathyroid Hormone Peptide PTH 1-34 for the Treatment of Osteoporosis

Nasal delivery of large peptides such as parathyroid 1-34 (PTH 1-34) can benefit from a permeation enhancer to promote absorption across the nasal mucosa into the bloodstream. Previously, we have published an encouraging bioavailability (78%), relative to subbcutaneous injection in a small animal preclinical model, for a liquid nasal spray formulation containing the permeation enhancer polyethylene glycol (15)-hydroxystearate (Solutol® HS15). We report here the plasma pharmacokinetics of PTH 1-34 in healthy human volunteers receiving the liquid nasal spray formulation containing Solutol® HS15. For comparison, data for a commercially manufactured teriparatide formulation delivered via subcutaneous injection pen are also presented. Tc-99m-DTPA gamma scintigraphy monitored the deposition of the nasal spray in the nasal cavity and clearance via the inferior meatus and nasopharynx. The 50% clearance time was 17.8 min (minimum 10.9, maximum 74.3 min). For PTH 1-34, mean plasma Cmax of 5 pg/mL and 253 pg/mL were obtained for the nasal spray and subcutaneous injection respectively; relative bioavailability of the nasal spray was 1%. Subsequently, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of the liquid nasal spray formulation as well as a dry powder nasal formulation also containing Solutol® HS15 in a crossover study in an established ovine model. In this preclinical model, the relative bioavailability of liquid and powder nasal formulations was 1.4% and 1.0% respectively. The absolute bioavailability of subcutaneously administered PTH 1-34 (mean 77%, range 55–108%) in sheep was in agreement with published human data for teriparatide (up to 95%). These findings have important implications in the search for alternative routes of administration of peptides for the treatment of osteoporosis, and in terms of improving translation from animal models to humans

In vitro and preclinical assessment of an intranasal spray formulation of parathyroid hormone PTH 1-34 for the treatment of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis treatment with PTH 1-34 injections significantly reduces the incidence of bone fracture. Potential further reductions in fracture rate should be observed through nasal spray delivery to address the poor compliance associated with patient dislike of repeated PTH 1-34 subcutaneous injections. In vitro human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cell intracellular cAMP levels were used to define PTH 1-34 nasal spray formulation bioactivity. The chemically synthesised PTH 1-34 had an EC50 of 0.76nM. Absorption enhancers polyethylene glycol (15)-hydroxystearate (Solutol® HS15), poloxamer 407, chitosan or sodium hyaluronate did not diminish the bioactivity of PTH 1-34 within an in vitro cell culture model (p>0.05). We also demonstrated the effectiveness of the transmucosal absorption enhancer Solutol® HS15 in a nasal spray formulation using a preclinical pharmacokinetic model. In Sprague-Dawley rats without the absorption enhancer the uptake of PTH 1-34 into the blood via intranasal delivery produced a Cmax of 2.1±0.5 ng/ml compared to 13.7±1.6 ng/ml with Solutol® HS15 enhancer (p=0.016) and a Cmax14.8±8 ng/ml in subcutaneous injections. Together these data illustrate that the nasal spray formulation bioactivity in vitro is not affected by the nasal spray absorption enhancers investigated, and the Solutol® HS15 nasal spray formulation had an equivalent pharmacokinetic profile to subcutaneous injection in the rat model. The Solutol® HS15 formulation therefore demonstrated potential as a PTH 1-34 nasal spray formulation for the treatment of osteoporosis

Mechanism of mucosal permeability enhancement of CriticalSorb® (Solutol® HS15) investigated In Vitro in cell cultures.

Purpose CriticalSorb™, with the principal component Solutol® HS15, is a novel mucosal drug delivery system demonstrated to improve the bioavailability of selected biotherapeutics. The intention of this study is to elucidate mechanism(s) responsible for the enhancement of trans-mucosal absorption of biological drugs by Solutol® HS15. Methods Micelle size and CMC of Solutol® HS15 were determined in biologically relevant media. Polarised airway Calu-3 cell layers were used to measure the permeability of a panel of biological drugs, and to assess changes in TEER, tight junction and F-actin morphology. The rate of cell endocytosis was measured in vitro in the presence of Solutol® HS15 using a membrane probe, FM 2–10. Results This work initially confirms surfactant-like behaviour of Solutol® HS15 in aqueous media, while subsequent experiments demonstrate that the effect of Solutol® HS15 on epithelial tight junctions is different from a ‘classical’ tight junction opening agent and illustrate the effect of Solutol® HS15 on the cell membrane (endocytosis rate) and F-actin cytoskeleton. Conclusion Solutol® HS15 is the principle component of CriticalSorb™ that has shown an enhancement in permeability of medium sized biological drugs across epithelia. This study suggests that its mechanism of action arises primarily from effects on the cell membrane and consequent impacts on the cell cytoskeleton in terms of actin organisation and tight junction opening