ПОЈАМ И ВРСТЕ СЛУЖБЕНИЧКИХ СИСТЕМА

Employees in public administration, primarily the civil servants, are a particularly important factor for its productivity. Jobs performed by civil servants are specific because the organization within which the jobs are performed possesses inherent particularities. Therefore, it is logical that civil servants have special legal status. One of the basic elements that determine the status of civil servants is the civil service. Civil service is the overall system of categories into which civil servants are divided according to pre-defined criteria, which constitutes the basis for their advancement, rewards, and movement within the service. There are two basic types of civil service – career and non-career. Since the two types are seldom found separately in practice, a third type – ixed civil service – may also be included.Посебно важан чинилац успешног рада државне управе јесу запослени у њој, пре свега државни службеници. Послови које државни службеници обављају специфични су, јер сама организација у којој обављају те послове носи са собом одређене специфичности. Логична последица ове чињенице јесте посебан правни положај државних службеника. Један од основних елемената одређивања положаја државних службеника јесте службенички систем. Службенички систем представља укупан систем категорија у које се службеници разврставају према унапред утврђеним критеријумима, а који представља основ за њихово напредовање, награђивање и кретање у служби. Постоје две основне врсте службеничких система – каријерни и отворени. Како у пракси ова два система не постоје у чистом облику, уочава се и трећа врста – мешовити службенички системи

Civil service examination and professional role of the teacher: Historical perspective

Predmet ovog proučavanja jesu promene u percepciji države u odnosu na profesionalnu ulogu učitelja od 1898. godine, kada je u Srbiji prvi put definisano pripravništvo kao faza profesionalnog obrazovanja učitelja, do početka Drugog svetskog rata. Država kao poslodavac procenjivala je spremnost pripravnika za stalni radni odnos na osnovu rezultata ostvarenih na državnom stručnom ispitu. Cilj ovog proučavanja je sagledavanje profesionalnih uloga učitelja koje je država promovisala kroz koncepciju tog ispita. Na osnovu analize normativne osnove prema kojoj je koncipiran ispit, konstatovano je da su promene u percepciji uloge učitelja bivale uslovljene karakterom državne politike i da su se kretale od poimanja učitelja kao realizatora nastavnog programa u doba režima kralja Aleksandra Obrenovića, preko istraživača sopstvene prakse u doba parlamentarne demokratije, do shvatanja učitelja kao prenosioca državne ideologije u doba započeto šestojanuarskom diktaturom. Konstatovano je takođe da su ishodi inicijalnog obrazovanja učitelja uglavnom bili u neravnoteži sa profesionalnom ulogom učitelja koju je očekivala država kao poslodavac.The object of this study were the changes in the perception of the State related to the professional role of the teacher from 1898 when internship was, for the first time, defined as a phase in professional teacher education to the beginning of the Second World War. The State, as the employer, assessed the readiness of a trainee for full employment according to their results at the civil service examination. The aim of the study was to screen the professional roles of the teacher which the State promoted through the concept of the examination. By analyzing the normative base on which the examination was designed we concluded that the changes in the perception of the teacher's roles were dependent upon the character of the state policy and ranged from the view of the teacher as the implementer of the curriculum during the reign of the king Aleksandar Obrenović, then the researcher of their own practice in the period of the parliamentary democracy, and finally the transmitter of the state ideology in the period of the so-called Sixth-of-January Dictatorship. It was also found out that the outcomes of the initial teacher education were not in balance with the professional role of the teacher that the State expected as the employer

КРИВИЧНОПРОЦЕСНА ЗАШТИТА МАЛОЛЕТНИХ ЛИЦА - ДОМАЋА И УПОРЕДНА РЕШЕЊА -

The authors consider in work different aspects of criminal proceeding protection of minors in Republic of Serbia and in several european countries. These young people can participate in criminal proceeding on the one hand as witnesses. It usually means that they are also injured but there are situations when that’s not the case. There are set of rules which refer to protection of minors in criminal proceeding when they are injured. Also some new rules which relate to measures of protection of particularly sensitive witnesses was recently adopted. These new rules offer protection for all such witnesses (including minors) regardless of they are injured or not. It is also important to protect minors in criminal proceeding when they are accused because of necessity of regular development of their personality and some special rules are established for that reason in our country. Some states of the former Yugoslavia in a similar way as Serbia regulate the protection of minors in criminal proceedings, such as Croatia and Macedonia. The examples of Germany and France are also given in work. Germany is specific because of the rules which refer to the protection of juvenile offenders, while France has significantly improved the protection of juvenile victims of crime.У раду аутори разматрају различите аспекте кривичнопроцесне заштите малолетних лица у Републици Србији као и у појединим европским државама. Са једне стране, малолетна лица могу учествовати у кривичном поступку као сведоци. То ће обично значити да су та лица истовремено и оштећена кривичним делом, али постоје ситуације, када то није случај. Код нас постоји низ правила која се односе на заштиту малолетних лица, као оштећених у кривичном поступку. Недавно су усвојена и нека нова правила која се тичу мера заштите посебно осетљивих сведока. Та нова правила пружају заштиту свим сведоцима (укључујући и малолетна лица), без обзира да ли су оштећени кривичним делом. Такође је важно заштитити окривљена малолетна лица у кривичном поступку због неопходности правилног развоја њихове личности, и у том смислу, код нас постоје одговарајућа правила. Поједине државе бивше Југославије, на сличан начин, као и Србија регулишу заштиту малолетних лица у кривичном поступку, попут Хрватске и Македоније. У раду су наведени и примери Немачке и Француске. Немачка је специфична због правила која се односе на заштиту малолетних учинилаца кривичних дела, док је Француска у значајној мери унапредила заштиту малолетних жртава кривичних дела

Typology of spatial ability tests and its implementation in architectural study entrance exams

Specialized spatial skills are necessary for success in various fields of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education. Technical disciplines are an academic field where the largest correlation with spatial skills has been noticed, and therefore spatial skills have been included in the entrance exams of study of architecture at the University of Banja Luka. Given that the scientific community has not reached consensus on what the spatial abilities are, there are various tests and tools used for its assessment, listed by factors that they measure. The paper will present typology of these factors and the variety of tests used for their assessment. This typology of tasks will be compared to the entrance exams held at the University of Banja Luka in the period 2005-2013. Also, the results of entrance exams will be compared with the student’s success in specific groups of subjects during the study period to see if there would be any correlation among them. Results indicate at the emergence of a new factor in assessing the ability of candidates to study architecture - ability of divergent thinking. This correlation of divergent thinking and spatial ability has also been a topic of the latest research in cognitive psychology

Mogući načini rešavanja problema prenaseljenosti zatvora u Republici Srbiji

The author analyzes the ways in which it is possible to solve the problem of overpopulated prisons in Serbia. The problem of overpopulation can be influenced on the one hand by reducing the number of prisoners, both those whom the measure of detention is pronounced and those who were sentenced to unconditional imprisonment. Number of detainees can be reduced by using in a greater extent other measures to ensure the presence of the defendant. Number of prison sentences could be reduced by pronouncing, where possible, alternative sentencing. On the other hand, the problem of overpopulation can be affected by the increase in accommodation facilities as well as improving living conditions in prisons. In this sense, the author discusses the importance of building private prisons. Finally, it is mentioned the other possible ways of solving the problem of overcrowded prisons such as improving the professional capacity in prisons. Particularly, it is stressed the importance of training judges and prosecutors on the new solutions in this area which will certainly affect the resolution of the problem of overcrowded prisons.U radu autor analizira na koje je načine moguće rešiti problem prenaseljenih zatvora u Republici Srbiji. Na problem prenaseljenosti se može s jedne strane uticati smanjenjem broja zatvorenika, kako onih kojima je izrečena mera pritvora tako i onih koji su osuđeni na bezuslovnu kaznu zatvora. Broj pritvorenika je moguće smanjiti korišćenjem u većoj meri drugih mera za obezbeđenje prisustva okrivljenog u krivičnom postupku. Broj izrečenih kazni zatvora bi se mogao smanjiti izricanjem, tamo gde je moguće, alternativnih kazni. Sa druge strane, na problem prenaseljenosti se može uticati i povećanjem smeštajnih kapaciteta kao i poboljšanjem uslova života u zatvorima. U tom smislu autor razmatra značaj izgradnje privatnih zatvora. Na kraju su spomenuti i ostali mogući načini rešavanja problema prenaseljenosti zatvora poput poboljšanja stručnih kapaciteta u zatvorima. Posebno je istaknut i značaj obuke sudija i tužilaca u vezi sa novim rešenjima u ovoj oblasti što će svakako uticati i na rešavanje problema prenaseljenosti zatvora

Left ventricular function and circadian rhythm of the arterial blood pressure in gestational hypertension

Cilj: Svrha ovog istraživanja je da se odredi uticaj promena u funkciji, morfologiji i geometriji leve komore (LK) i odusustva očuvanog dnevno-noćnog profila krvnog pritiska (KP) na intrauterini zastoj u rastu fetusa (IUGR) i preterminsko završavanje trudnoće kod gestacijske hipertenzije (GH), reverzibilnost tih promena posle porođaja i povezanost GH sa prisustvom arterijske hipertenzije u porodici. Metodologija: U ovu studiju, koja je koncipirana kao prospektivna, uključeno je 90 trudnica, 30 normotenzivnih, 30 sa GH i dipping profilom KP i 30 sa GH i non-dipping profilom KP. Svim ispitanicama urađen je kompletan dvo-dimenzionalni, pulsni i tkivni Doppler ehokardiografski pregled i ambulatorni 24-h monitoring KP u trećem trimestru trudnoće i 6 nedelja posle porođaja. Rezultati i diskusija: U grupi trudnica sa GH značajno više su bili poremećeni parametri sistolne, dijastolne i globalne funkcije (EF, s’, E, A, E/A, E/e’, DTE, IVRT, IVCT, ET, Tei indeks, CO, CW, Ees), morfologije (IVSd, PLWd, RWT, masa miokarda, p<0,0005) i geometrije LK (abnormalna geometrija 67,7% vs 3,3% kod normotenzivnih, p<0,0005). Najizraženije promene bile su u podgrupi non-dippera. Posle porođaja registrovano je značajno popravljanje svih promenjenih ehokardiografskih parametara, a 96,7% ispitanica iz non-dipper podgrupe imale su očuvan dnevno-noćni ritam posle porođaja. U grupi sa GH utvrđeno je postojanje arterijske hipertenzije u porodici u 80% slučajeva u odnosu na 26,7% u kontrolnoj grupi (p<0,0005). Analizom rezultata utvrđeno je da su povećanje maksimalne vrednosti noćnog dijastolnog KP, indeksa mase miokarda i totalne vaskularne rezistence nezavisni prediktori IUGR-a, dok su povećanje prosečne vrednosti noćnog sistolnog KP i indeksa mase miokarda i smanjenje EF nezavisni prediktori preterminskog porođaja. Zaključak: Promene u funkciji i morfologiji leve komore i non-dipping profil KP kod GH imaju prognostički uticaj na pojavu IUGR-a i preterminsko završavanje trudnoće.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of changes in function, morphology, and geometry of the left ventricle (LV) and a non-dipping arterial blood pressure (BP) pattern on the intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm delivery in pregnant women with gestational hypertension (GH), reversibility of these changes after delivery and connection between BP in family with GH. Methods: This prospective study included 90 pregnant women, 30 normotensive, 30 with GH and dipping BP pattern and 30 with GH and non-dipping BP pattern. All participants underwent a complete two-dimensional, pulsed and tissue Doppler echocardiography and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the third trimester and 6 weeks after delivery. Results and discussion: Participants with GH had more impaired parameters of the LV systolic, diastolic and global function (EF, s’, E, A, E/A, E/e’, DTE, IVRT, IVCT, ET, Tei index, CO, CW, Ees), morphology (IVSd, PLWd, RWT, myocardial mass, p<0,0005) and geometry (abnormal geometry 67,7% vs 3,3% in normotensive, p<0,0005). The greatest changes were noticed in non-dippers. All changed echocardiographic parameters became improved, while 96,7 % non-dipper participants became dipper after delivery. Arterial hypertension in family was present in 80% women with GH vs 26,7% in normotensive (p<0,0005). Analyses revealed that maximum night-time diastolic BP, mass index and total vascular resistance were identified as independent predictors of IUGR. Average systolic night-time BP, mass index and EF were identified as independent predictors of preterm delivery. Conclusion: Changes in LV function, morphology and geometry and a non-dipping pattern of BP in GH predicts IUGR and preterm delivery

Digital Archive of the Banat Vernaculars and Culture: Fieldwork and Perspectives

In this paper we will outline the key characteristics of the Digital Archive of the Balkan Institute of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, abb. DABI. The DABI is created on the basis of data being collected in the fieldwork over the course of more than a decade. The emphasis of our paper is placed upon the recordings made during the fieldwork in the Serbian Banat among different ethnic, linguistic and confessional communities. We will point at possibilities and perspectives regarding the DABI development and its utilisation for scientific, educational and museum purposes.Zbornik radova s Međunarodnog naučnog skupa, održanog u Vršcu (Srbija), 17–19. novembar 2011

Water Supply System Performance Improvement in the Town of Pirot Using Water Balance IWA Methodology and Numerical Simulations

The methods for performance measuring and benchmarking proposed by IWA Water Loss Task Force has been adopted worldwide during the last two decades. This methodology and active water loss management is still poorly applied in Serbian water supply systems. This research presents application of hydraulic modelling to estimate water supply network performance in the town of Pirot in Eastern Serbia and evaluate potential effects of active leakage management for water saving using IWA best practice. In the hydraulic model, diurnal demand multipliers for total and registered consumption and leakage exponent are calibrated for the extended period simulation. Calibrated model is then used for hydraulic analysis to estimate system water loss reduction, improvement of the technical performance indicator values and financial savings for the system subdivided in seven pressure management zones. The system pressure control with ten pressure reduction valves was simulated, for two different scenarios: a) using pressure reducing valves with fixed outlet pressure and b) with pressure sustaining valves to maintain the minimum pressure in the zone reference node. Both the resulting water balance and system technical performance indicators are significantly improved in both simulated pressure management scenarios

Thermal treatment of kaolin clay to obtain metakaolin

U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja dobijanja metakaolina termičkim tretmanom domaće kaolinske gline. Polazna sirovina je bila kaolinska glina sa ležišta Vrbica (Aranđelovački basen), čiji je sadržaj kaolinita oko 80% i gubitak žarenjem 12,33%. Diferencijalnom termičkom analizom (DTA/TGA) utvrđeno je da do dehidroksilacije i transformacije kaolinita u metakaolinit dolazi u opsegu temperature 450-700°C. Proces kalcinacije je praćen termičkim tretmanom kaolinske gline u laboratorijskim uslovima na temperaturama 550, 600, 650 i 700°C, različito vreme: 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 i 180 min. Kao glavni kvantitativni kriterijum za ocenu ponašanja kaolinita u procesu kalcinacije, korišćen je stepen dehidroksilacije materijala, Dtg. Optimalni parametri procesa kalcinacije, pri kojima je postignut stepen dehidroksilacije 0,97, jesu: temperatura 650°C i vreme zagrevanja 90 min. Transformacije kaolinita u metakaolinit potvrđene su rendgenskom strukturnom analizom i IR spektroskopijom polazne gline i termički tretiranih glina. Na difraktogramima termički tretiranih glina nisu uočeni karakteristični pikovi kaolinita, dok IR spektri pokazuju odsustvo karakterističnih veza kaolinita. Pucolanska aktivnost metakaolina, određena direktnom metodom, pri optimalnim uslovima kalcinacije iznosi 0,65 g Ca(OH)2 / g metakaolina. Na osnovu ovih istraživanja može se zaključiti da je kaolinska glina sa nalazišta Vrbica pogodna za proizvodnju metakaolina, odgovarajuće pucolanske aktivnosti, a koji se može primenjivati u svojstvu dopunskog cementnog materijala u sistemima na bazi cementa.The metakaolin was produced by thermal treatment (calcination) of the starting high-quality kaolin clay from Serbia. The optimal calcination parameters, for which nearly complete dehydroxylation of the material was achieved, are: temperature 650°C and heating time of 90 min. The conversion of the kaolinite to metakaolinite was confirmed by XRD and IR analyses of the starting and thermally treated kaolin samples. The pozzolanic activity was determined by Chapelle test. The obtained value 0.65 g Ca(OH)2/g of metakaolin indicates that produced metakaolin may be used as supplementary cementitious material

THE ROLE OF STATE ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

State administration and local self-government have numerous competences, which, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, have been elaborated through special laws. One of the specific competencies is the protection of the environment. There are many legal documents regulating this matter - from the Constitution to by-laws and acts at the level of local self-government units, so it can be said that the legal regulation in this area is extensive but not yet complete. In addition, the state administration, as a part of the state authority, plays a significant role in environmental protection policy, and local self-government authorities enable the implementation of this policy directly in immediate communication with citizens