Prevalence of dental caries among 6 ? 12 year old schoolchildren in social marginated zones of Valencia, Spain

Background: To estimate the prevalence of caries and to study oral health habits (oral hygiene, toothbrushing fre-quency, cariogenic or no cariogenic diet, visits to dentist) in children aged 6 to 12 with social exclusion risk.Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a sample of 160 children aged form 6 to 12 years belonging to Colegio Madre Petra in Torrent and Colegio Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados in Nazaret (Valen-cia). Among other variables DMFT and Greene and Vermilion simplified plaque index were analyzed. Results: The prevalence of caries observed was 81.87% and the global DMFT was 4.481. The mean plaque in-dex observed was 1.12. No statistically significant differences were found between global DMFT and sex, global DMFT and age, global DMFT and diet, global DMFT and visits to the dentist and global DMFT and plaque index. A significant association was seen between global DMFT and ethnicity and global DMFT and brushing frequency. Statistically significant association was found also between plaque index and visits to the dentist and plaque index and diet. Conclusions: It was observed that children at risk of social exclusion had a very high global DMFT and a regular plaque index. So, it can be concluded that social exclusion constitute an underlying factor that increase caries pre-valence and global DMFT and a marker of poor oral hygiene habits

Update of the therapeutic planning of irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal treatment. A literature review

The success of endodontic treatment derives from the complete elimination of microorganisms capable of causing an intraradicular or extraradicular infection. To achieve a more effective eradication of these microorganisms, endodontic instrumentation must always be implemented with abundant irrigation, which has to achieve chemical, mechanical and biological effects. The irrigators most used today are NaOCl, CHX and EDTA, released into the ducts through different techniques such as syringe, manual agitation, positive or negative apical pressure, sonic or ultrasonic activation, PIPS and PDT. The objective of this review is to update the different irrigating solutions and intracanal disinfection drugs, as well as to establish an irrigation protocol in the endodontic treatment. Systematic search of scientific articles in the databases PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar, with the following keywords Endodontic, Infection, Failure, Irrigation, Retreatment and Irrigation protocol. The exclusion criteria were ?case report? articles and articles with a publication date prior to 2000. 48 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Comparing the different articles it can be seen that the NaOCl is the ?gold standard? in terms of immediate antimicrobial efficacy, followed by the CHX that has a long-term antibacterial effect. As an intra-conductive drug it is advisable to use the combination of Ca(OH)2 with CPMC. The most adequate irrigation protocol consists of using 2.5% NaOCl activated with ultrasound followed by a final wash with 7% MA or 0.2% CTR combined with 2% CHX

Influence of microbiology on endodontic failure. Literature review

The main cause of endodontic failure is the persistence of microorganisms that cause an intraradicular or extratradicular infection and that become resistant to disinfection measures. The objective of this review is to identify the microbiota associated with endodontic failure, as well as the reasons why these microorganisms are capable of surviving basic disinfection measures. Systematic search of scientific articles in the databases PubMed with the following keywords ?Endodontic Infections?, ?Endodontic Microbiology?, ?Endodontic Failure?, ?Enterococcus Faecalis?, ?Endodontics Retreatment? was carried out. Case reports and articles with publication date prior to 2000 were not included in this review. Most authors highlight E. faecalis as the main microorganism associated with endodontic failure, nevertheless there are recent studies that isolate, to a greater extent, other bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Propionibacterium. These microorganisms have in common the following proprieties, which make them able to escape the disinfection measures: the ability to form a biofilm, to locate in areas unreachable to root canal instrumentation techniques, synergism, the ability to express survival genes and activate alternative metabolic pathways

The Rest Repression of the Neurosecretory Phenotype Is Negatively Modulated by BHC80, a Protein of the BRAF/HDAC Complex

Expression of neurosecretion by nerve cells requires the levels of the transcription repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) to be very low. However, when high-REST clones of PC12 cells, defective of neurosecretion, were fused to other high-REST, non-neurosecretory cells, some neurosecretion was recovered. To clarify the mechanism of this recovery, we fused defective PC12 cells with human lymphocytes. A cytogenetic analysis revealed all hybrid clones that recovered neurosecretion to contain a fragment of chromosome 11 including the gene encoding BHC80, a protein of one of the complexes that mediate REST repression. In these clones, REST levels were as high as in defective PC12, whereas BHC80, localized in the nucleus, was 4- to 5-fold higher. Transient transfection of defective PC12 with various amounts of BHC80 cDNA induced (1) in defective PC12, the reexpression of only neurosecretion mRNAs; (2) in defective PC12 cotransfected with the REST negative construct DNA-binding domain (to attenuate gene repression), the recovery of a weak, but complete neurosecretory phenotype, including dense-core granules and their regulated exocytosis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and immunodepletion analyses revealed the extensive BHC80 association with REST at the genes of two neurosecretion proteins, chromograninB and SNAP25, however only in the low-REST PC12, whereas in high-REST defective PC12 no association was appreciable. In defective PC12 transfected with BHC80 some association was reestablished. Therefore, the recovery of neurosecretion observed after fusion/transfection of defective PC12 depends on the reciprocal level of BHC80 and REST, with BHC80 working as a negative modulator of REST repression. This role appears of possible cell physiological and pathological importance

Role of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in diagnosis and treatment planning of two-rooted maxillary lateral incisor with palatogingival groove. Case report

The embryonic root groove is an anatomical abnormality that starts in the cingulum and extends longitudinally down the long axis root towards the apex. This developmental anomaly is more frequently reported in maxillary lateral incisors. Gu YC in 2011 established three types of radicular grooves depending on its severity. According to this classification, type III presents a greater diagnostic and therapeutic complexity. The prevalence of palatogingival grooves in maxillary lateral incisors ranges from 1.9 to 14%. This case report provides valuable information about the diagnosis and treatment plan of palatogingival grooves with Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan. The patient was referred to the University Dental Clinic of European University of Valencia, with recurrent abscesses at the upper right lateral incisor region for the last two years. Palpation and percussion tests were positive for tooth 1.2. There was no clinical history of caries or previous trauma. Periapical radiography showed periapical radiolucent lesions located, not only in the apical area of tooth 1.2, but also in tooth 1.3. Both teeth had previously been endodontically treated. Periodontal probing showed normal values. CBCT scan was perfomed in order to establish a definitive diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. The complex anatomy of the palatal root groove requires detailed knowledge of the internal root morphology for endodontic treatment success. This complementary tool allows a more accurate image of hard tissue structures, such as palatal grooves and/or accessory roots, in comparison to conventional periapical radiography. The treatment plan of this primary periodontal lesion with secondary endodontic involvement was as follows: periapical surgery combined with root amputation and sealing with MTA, and guided bone regeneration

Calibrating the Dynamic Energy Simulation Model for an Existing Building: Lessons Learned from a Collective Exercise

Calibration of the existing building simulation model is key to correctly evaluating the energy savings that are achievable through retrofit. However, calibration is a non-standard phase where different approaches can possibly lead to different models. In this study, an existing residential building is simulated in parallel by four research groups with different dynamic simulation tools. Manual/automatic methodologies and basic/detailed measurement data sets are used. The calibration is followed by a validation on two evaluation periods. Monitoring data concerning the windows opening by the occupants are used to analyze the calibration outcomes. It is found that for a good calibration of a model of a well-insulated building, the absence of data regarding the users’ behavior is more critical than uncertainty on the envelope properties. The automatic approach is more effective in managing the model complexity and reaching a better performing calibration, as the RMSE relative to indoor temperature reaches 0.3 C compared to 0.4–0.5 C. Yet, a calibrated model’s performance is often poor outside the calibration period (RMSE increases up to 10.8 times), and thus, the validation is crucial to discriminate among multiple solutions and to refine them, by improving the users’ behavior modeling

a new approach to follow a single extracellular vesicle cell interaction using optical tweezers

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are spherical membrane structures released by most cells. These highly conserved mediators of intercellular communication carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and..

Hand Rehabilitation Treatment for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: An Open Label Pilot Study

Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy affects mainly and early the lower limbs, but hands deformities are a relevant problem, which involves the quality of life of the patients. Unfortunately, there are few studies about the evaluation of the upper limbs and very rare works about the rehabilitation. A treatment study at the moment is missing and it is important to search rehabilitation exercises to improve the dexterity and the quality of life of the patients. METHODS: We recruited 9 patients with clinical and genetic diagnosis of CMT and we proposed a rehabilitation protocol which includes muscle recruitment, stretching and proprioceptive exercises for the hand with the duration of 4 weeks (two sessions for week). We evaluated the patients before and one week after the treatment with Thumb Opposition Test, Sollerman Hand Function Scale, dynamometry (tripod pinch and hand grip). RESULTS: The rehabilitation protocol has been well tolerated and there were not dropouts. We did not observe any worsening in every scale we used. Every parameter tested showed an improvement especially in the right/dominant hand. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that this three phases treatment is well tolerated by patients, it is not detrimental for the hands status and perfectly reproducible by professionals. Moreover, this could be the basis for future randomized single blind projects

The Rest Repression of the Neurosecretory Phenotype Is Negatively Modulated by BHC80, a Protein of the BRAF/HDAC Complex

Expression of neurosecretion by nerve cells requires the levels of the transcription repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) to be very low. However, when high-REST clones of PC12 cells, defective of neurosecretion, were fused to other high-REST, non-neurosecretory cells, some neurosecretion was recovered. To clarify the mechanism of this recovery, we fused defective PC12 cells with human lymphocytes. A cytogenetic analysis revealed all hybrid clones that recovered neurosecretion to contain a fragment of chromosome 11 including the gene encoding BHC80, a protein of one of the complexes that mediate REST repression. In these clones, REST levels were as high as in defective PC12, whereas BHC80, localized in the nucleus, was 4- to 5-fold higher. Transient transfection of defective PC12 with various amounts of BHC80 cDNA induced (1) in defective PC12, the reexpression of only neurosecretion mRNAs; (2) in defective PC12 cotransfected with the REST negative construct DNA-binding domain (to attenuate gene repression), the recovery of a weak, but complete neurosecretory phenotype, including dense-core granules and their regulated exocytosis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and immunodepletion analyses revealed the extensive BHC80 association with REST at the genes of two neurosecretion proteins, chromograninB and SNAP25, however only in the low-REST PC12, whereas in high-REST defective PC12 no association was appreciable. In defective PC12 transfected with BHC80 some association was reestablished. Therefore, the recovery of neurosecretion observed after fusion/transfection of defective PC12 depends on the reciprocal level of BHC80 and REST, with BHC80 working as a negative modulator of REST repression. This role appears of possible cell physiological and pathological importance