116 research outputs found
Effects of domestic freezing temperature (-20ËC) and blanching on the functional properties and constituents of three common culinary herbs of Lamiaceae family
The effects of blanching prior to freezing on the functional constituents (ascorbic acid,
selenium, phytic acid and phenolic content) and properties (total antioxidant activity, enzyme
inhibition activity and prebiotic functions) of 3 well known Lamiceae herbs (mint/Mentha
piperita, thyme/Thymus vulgaris and basil/Ocmium basicilla) were investigated. Comparisons
were made between herbs and across different treatments (fresh, un-blanched frozen (-20ËC)
and blanched frozen). Due to the complexity of antioxidant and phenolic
compounds/components of plants, extracts for total phenolics and antioxidant activities were
made in methanol and water.
Generally, among all assayed herbs, mint showed superiority compared to other herbs in terms
of functional constituents and properties. However, results of antioxidant capacity/content
(DPPH, ORAC, FRAP and CUPRAC) and TPC varied inconsistently across herbs, treatments
and assays.
Results also showed that frozen herbs have lower selenium, ascorbic (total, and reduced) and
phytic acid content compared to fresh herbs. Furthermore, results of ascorbic acid content
showed a significantly lower dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) content in frozen herbs than fresh
herbs.
Results of enzyme inhibition showed a moderate to very low α-amylase inhibition ability by
all herbs which further reduced on freezing and blanching. Furthermore, compared to other
herbs, mint showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibition which reduced on freezing and
blanching. Lineweaver-Burke plot showed that fresh and un-balnched frozen mint displayed
un-competetive mode of inhibition while blanched frozen mint showed mixed inhibition.
Freezing tended to improve the α-glucosidase inhibition effects of thyme and basil which was
not evident in fresh extracts. None of the herbs showed inhibitory effects against ACE.
All herbs showed significant prebiotic effects on probiotic bacteria L. rhamnosus and
B.bifidum. However, effects of freezing and blanching varied inconsistently among herbs
Results of the functional properties correlated with individual phenolic acid content of herbs.
This therefore shows that the product of the hydrolysis of these individual phenolic compounds
play significant role in the functional properties of the assayed herbs.
The findings from this research have therefore shown that freezing (blanching or without
blanching) can positively or negatively affect the assayed functional constituents and properties
of assayed lamiceae herbs. However, in some instances, there is no difference between the
functional constituents of fresh and frozen (un-blanched and blanched)
Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:
To assess the efficacy and safety of interventions for managing abdominal pain in people with Crohn's disease
Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis
Objectives
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows:
To assess the efficacy and safety of interventions for managing abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis
Sample-size estimation is not reported in 24% of randomised controlled trials of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review
Background
Sample-size estimation is an important factor in designing a clinical trial. A recent study found that 65% of Cochrane systematic reviews had imprecise results.
Objective
This study set out to review the whole body of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) randomised controlled trials systematically in order to identify the reporting of sample-size estimation.
Methods
We conducted a comprehensive hand search of the Cochrane Library and Cochrane IBD Specialized Trials Register. We extracted information on relevant features and the results of the included studies. We produced descriptive statistics for our results.
Results
A total of 242 randomised controlled trials were included from 44 Cochrane systematic reviews. About 25% of the studies failed to report on sample-size estimation. Of those that did report on sample-size estimation, 33% failed to recruit their target sample size.
Conclusions
Around half of the randomised controlled trials in IBD either do not report sample-size estimation or reach their recruitment target with the level of detail in reporting being limited
Serological Evidence of Human Orthohantavirus Infections in Barbados, 2008 to 2016
Background: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is well-known in South and North America; however, not enough data exist for the Caribbean. The first report of clinical orthohantavirus infection was obtained in Barbados, but no other evidence of clinical orthohantavirus infections among adults in the Caribbean has been documented. Methods: Using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests followed by confirmatory testing with immunofluorescent assays (IFA), immunochromatographic (ICG) tests, and pseudotype focus reduction neutralization tests (pFRNT), we retrospectively and prospectively detected orthohantavirus-specific antibodies among patients with febrile illness in Barbados. Results: The orthohantavirus prevalence rate varied from 5.8 to 102.6 cases per 100,000 persons among febrile patients who sought medical attention annually between 2008 and 2016. Two major orthohantavirus epidemics occurred in Barbados during 2010 and 2016. Peak orthohantavis infections were observed observed during the rainy season (August) and prevalence rates were significantly higher in females than males and in patients from urban parishes than rural parishes. Conclusions: Orthohantavirus infections are still occurring in Barbados and in some patients along with multiple pathogen infections (CHIKV, ZIKV, DENV and Leptospira). Orthohantavirus infections are more prevalent during periods of high rainfall (rainy season) with peak transmission in August; females are more likely to be infected than males and infections are more likely among patients from urban rather than rural parishes in Barbados
Serological Evidence of Human Orthohantavirus Infections in Barbados, 2008 to 2016
Background: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is well-known in South and North America; however, not enough data exist for the Caribbean. The first report of clinical orthohantavirus infection was obtained in Barbados, but no other evidence of clinical orthohantavirus infections among adults in the Caribbean has been documented. Methods: Using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests followed by confirmatory testing with immunofluorescent assays (IFA), immunochromatographic (ICG) tests, and pseudotype focus reduction neutralization tests (pFRNT), we retrospectively and prospectively detected orthohantavirus-specific antibodies among patients with febrile illness in Barbados. Results: The orthohantavirus prevalence rate varied from 5.8 to 102.6 cases per 100,000 persons among febrile patients who sought medical attention annually between 2008 and 2016. Two major orthohantavirus epidemics occurred in Barbados during 2010 and 2016. Peak orthohantavis infections were observed observed during the rainy season (August) and prevalence rates were significantly higher in females than males and in patients from urban parishes than rural parishes. Conclusions: Orthohantavirus infections are still occurring in Barbados and in some patients along with multiple pathogen infections (CHIKV, ZIKV, DENV and Leptospira). Orthohantavirus infections are more prevalent during periods of high rainfall (rainy season) with peak transmission in August; females are more likely to be infected than males and infections are more likely among patients from urban rather than rural parishes in Barbados
Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the colon, with an annual incidence of approximately 10 to 20 per 100,000 people. The majority of people with ulcerative colitis can be put into remission, leaving a group who do not respond to firstâ or secondâline therapies. There is a significant proportion of people who experience adverse effects with current therapies. Consequently, new alternatives for the treatment of ulcerative colitis are constantly being sought. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that may beneficially affect the host by improving intestinal microbial balance, enhancing gut barrier function and improving local immune response
Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Puumala Orthohantavirus Infection Do Not Associate with Disease Severity
Nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), is an acute febrile illness caused by Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV). NE manifests typically with acute kidney injury (AKI), with a case fatality rate of about 0.1%. The treatment and management of hantavirus infections are mainly supportive, although neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and immune sera therapeutics are under investigation. In order to assess the potential use of antibody therapeutics in NE, we sought to determine the relationship between circulating PUUV neutralizing antibodies, PUUV nucleocapsid protein (N) IgG antibodies, and viral loads with markers of disease severity. The study included serum samples of extensively characterized patient cohorts (n = 116) from Tampere University Hospital, Finland. The results showed that upon hospitalization, most patients already had considerable neutralizing and anti-PUUV-N IgG antibody levels. However, contrary to expectations, neutralizing antibody titers from the first day of hospitalization did not appear to protect from AKI or correlate with more favorable disease outcomes. This indicates that further studies are needed to investigate the applicability of neutralizing antibodies as a therapy for hospitalized NE patients
Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Puumala Orthohantavirus Infection Do Not Associate with Disease Severity
Nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), is an acute febrile illness caused by Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV). NE manifests typically with acute kidney injury (AKI), with a case fatality rate of about 0.1%. The treatment and management of hantavirus infections are mainly supportive, although neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and immune sera therapeutics are under investigation. In order to assess the potential use of antibody therapeutics in NE, we sought to determine the relationship between circulating PUUV neutralizing antibodies, PUUV nucleocapsid protein (N) IgG antibodies, and viral loads with markers of disease severity. The study included serum samples of extensively characterized patient cohorts (n = 116) from Tampere University Hospital, Finland. The results showed that upon hospitalization, most patients already had considerable neutralizing and anti-PUUV-N IgG antibody levels. However, contrary to expectations, neutralizing antibody titers from the first day of hospitalization did not appear to protect from AKI or correlate with more favorable disease outcomes. This indicates that further studies are needed to investigate the applicability of neutralizing antibodies as a therapy for hospitalized NE patients
Periodontal therapy for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with periodontitis
Background
There may be an association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the evidence so far has been uncertain about whether periodontal therapy can help prevent CVD in people diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. This is the second update of a review originally published in 2014, and first updated in 2017. Although there is a new multidimensional staging and grading system for periodontitis, we have retained the label 'chronic periodontitis' in this version of the review since available studies are based on the previous classification system.
Objectives
To investigate the effects of periodontal therapy for primary or secondary prevention of CVD in people with chronic periodontitis.
Search methods
Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL, two trials registries, and the grey literature to September 2019. We placed no restrictions on the language or date of publication.
We also searched the Chinese BioMedical Literature Database, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the VIP database, and Sciencepaper Online to August 2019.
Selection criteria
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared active periodontal therapy to no periodontal treatment or a different periodontal treatment. We included studies of participants with a diagnosis of chronic periodontitis, either with CVD (secondary prevention studies) or without CVD (primary prevention studies).
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors carried out the study identification, data extraction, and 'Risk of bias' assessment independently and in duplicate. They resolved any discrepancies by discussion, or with a third review author. We adopted a formal pilotâtested data extraction form, and used the Cochrane tool to assess the risk of bias in the studies. We used GRADE criteria to assess the certainty of the evidence.
Main results
We included two RCTs in the review. One study focused on the primary prevention of CVD, and the other addressed secondary prevention. We evaluated both as being at high risk of bias. Our primary outcomes of interest were death (allâcause and CVDârelated) and all cardiovascular events, measured at oneâyear followâup or longer.
For primary prevention of CVD in participants with periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, one study (165 participants) provided very lowâcertainty evidence. There was only one death in the study; we were unable to determine whether scaling and root planning plus amoxicillin and metronidazole could reduce incidence of allâcause death (Peto odds ratio (OR) 7.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.15 to 376.98), or all CVDârelated death (Peto OR 7.48, 95% CI 0.15 to 376.98). We could not exclude the possibility that scaling and root planning plus amoxicillin and metronidazole could increase cardiovascular events (Peto OR 7.77, 95% CI 1.07 to 56.1) compared with supragingival scaling measured at 12âmonth followâup.
For secondary prevention of CVD, one pilot study randomised 303 participants to receive scaling and root planning plus oral hygiene instruction (periodontal treatment) or oral hygiene instruction plus a copy of radiographs and recommendation to followâup with a dentist (community care). As cardiovascular events had been measured for different time periods of between 6 and 25 months, and only 37 participants were available with at least oneâyear followâup, we did not consider the data to be sufficiently robust for inclusion in this review. The study did not evaluate allâcause death and all CVDârelated death. We are unable to draw any conclusions about the effects of periodontal therapy on secondary prevention of CVD.
Authors' conclusions
For primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people diagnosed with periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, very lowâcertainty evidence was inconclusive about the effects of scaling and root planning plus antibiotics compared to supragingival scaling. There is no reliable evidence available regarding secondary prevention of CVD in people diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and CVD. Further trials are needed to reach conclusions about whether treatment for periodontal disease can help prevent occurrence or recurrence of CVD
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