Difficulties in proving medical errors: Where do we stand?

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Faktori koji utiču na postoperativni mortalitet kod bolesnika sa prelomom kuka

Background/Aim. One of the most significant predictors of mortality after hip fractures is cognitive impairment (dementia). The aim of this study was to report the results of a prospective study of the influence of some factors on sixmonth mortality in elderly patients with hip fractures. Method. The elderly patients with hip fracture were assessed on admission to the hospital using the measures of cognitive function, the mobility before the fracture, and physical comorbidity, the type of fracture and the place of the injury. Six months later, we checked how many of them were still alive. Results. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses in 132 patients and found that the most significant predictors of six-month mortality were dementia, comorbidity, and prefacture mobility. Conclusions. A comprehensive physical and mental health assessment of an elderly patient after hip fracture could predict mortality. A good examination of cognitive functioning could be very useful in choosing the optimal treatment for this type of patients.Uvod/Cilj. U radu su prikazani rezultati prospektivne studije o uticaju nekih faktora na smrtnost starijih bolesnika sa prelomom kuka. Posebno je analiziran uticaj demencije na šestomesečni mortalitet. Metode. Prilikom prijema u bolnicu svakom bolesniku sa prelomom kuka urađena je procena mentalnog statusa (kognicije), procena mobilnosti pre preloma, procena stanja opšteg zdravlja i prisustvo pratećih bolesti, tip preloma, kao i mesto povređivanja. Praćen je šestomesečni mortalitet bolesnika i urađena je univarijantna i multivarijantna regresiona analiza dobijenih rezultata. Rezultati. Obradom podataka kod 132 bolesnika utvrđeni su kao najznačajniji prediktori šestomesečnog mortaliteta: demencija, komorbiditet (prateće bolesti) i mobilnost pre preloma. Zaključak. Celovita procena fizičkog i mentalnog zdravlja je najvažniji činilac u predviđanju ishoda lečenja starih bolesnika sa prelomom kuka. Dobra procena u vezi sa kognitivnim poremećajima, a pre svega demencijom, može biti veoma korisna u odabiru odgovarajućeg načina lečenja bolesnika sa prelomom kuka

Psychometric properties of dental fear survey in Serbian population

Introduction. Between 6 and 15% of the adult population throughout the world faces with the fear of dentists. Fear of dentists directly correlates with the pain experienced during previous visits to the dentist. Objective. The aim of the study was to assess the validity, reliability and factor structure of the Serbian version of the Dental Fear Survey on a sample of uni-versity and high school students. Method. Two hundred and fifty stu-dents and high school students partici-pated in the study and completed the Ser-bian version of the Dental Fear Survey. Results. This study’s sample showed excellent internal consistency (Cron-bach’s alpha = 0.98). Descriptive statisics and multinomial logistic regression were calculated; a significance level of p < 0.05 was used for all tests. A high fear cut-off point score was determined by calculating the receiver operating char-acteristic (ROC) curve for the DFS. The ROC curve indicated that a DFS score ≥ 47 corresponds to a sensitivity of 86.1% and a specificity of 88.2%. A large num-ber of participants (n = 102; 40.8%) re-ported no fear of going to the dentist. The factor analyses resulted in three factors: first represents fear of certain stimulus or situation, second represents anticipatory fear which causes dentist avoidance, and third stands for psychological excitement caused by dental procedures.Conclusion. DFS satisfies all the crite-ria of successful validation among Ser-bian population of university and high-school students. The Serbian version of the DFS will be helpful for the evaluation of fear of dental procedures within this population. DFS is an easily applicable, short and reliable instrument and it can enable physicians to assess fear and anx-iety symptoms in a targeted and precise manner.Publishe

Individual and combined (Plus-hybrid) effect of cytoplasmic male sterility and xenia on maize grain yield

Plus-hybrid effect refers to a combined effect of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and xenia in maize (Zea mays L.) It could be used in commercial production by growing a mixture of 80% CMS hybrid and 20% of another fertile hybrid. The aim of this research was to examine individual and combined CMS and xenia effects on two hybrids widely grown in Serbia. Sterile and fertile versions of ZP 1 and ZP 2 hybrids (three-way; Iodent x Lancaster dents) were used as females, while ZP 1, ZP 2, ZP 3, ZP 4, and ZP 5 (three-way or single cross; Iodent (BSSS) x Lancaster dents) were used as pollinators. All of them belong to medium maturity group. The trial was set up at one location in Serbia (Zemun Polje) in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Molecular analysis of the five genotypes was done using simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. Plus-hybrid effect on grain yield ranged from -6.2% to 6.2%; on thousand kernel weight from -1.7% to 5.2%; on number of kernels per area from -1.0% to 8.0%. The poor response could be due to a use of three-way instead of single cross hybrids in S type of sterility. Modified Rogers' distance between hybrids was in the range 0.211 to 0.378 and was not relevant for the effect, which depended mostly on the sterile hybrid genotype and the fertile hybrid pollinator ability. This approach should be more suitable for female hybrids with slightly poorer performance, already being produced on a sterile base

Međuzavisnost plus-hibrid efekta na prinos zrna kukuruza i genetičke distance ispitivanih hibrida

The combined effect of cytoplasmic male sterility and xenia is referred to as the Plus-Hybrid effect. A mixture of hybrids, in which one is a sterile female component and the other is a fertile pollinator, was sown. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the increase of a hybrid genetic distance would result in the increased gain from Plus-hybrid effects on grain yield. Two ZP hybrids (ZP 1 and ZP 2), i.e. their sterile and fertile counterparts, as well as, five hybrid pollinators (ZP 1, ZP 2, ZP 3, ZP 4 and ZP 5) were selected for the studies. The three-replicate trail was set up according to the randomized split-plot design at Zemun Polje in 2009. SSR markers were used to determine the genetic distance between hybrids. Ten out of total 12 applied primers gave results. Coefficients of similarity were estimated according to Dice and Jaccard. The greatest (0.37), i.e. smallest genetic distance (0.08), according to Dice, was obtained between hybrids ZP 1 and ZP 5, i.e. ZP 1 and ZP 4, respectively. Values of genetic distance according to Jaccard were between 0.14 (ZP 1 and ZP 4) and 0.54 (ZP 1 i ZP 5 ). By using the cluster analysis, four hybrids (ZP 1, ZP 4, ZP 3 and ZP 2) were grouped into one sub-cluster that was loosely linked to ZP 5. The Plus-hybrid effect on grain yield of the hybrid ZP 1 was negative. The greatest gain was detected in the ZP 2st ' ZP 1 combination, between two hybrids that were genetically very similar and belonged to the same sub-cluster, and then in ZP 2st x ZP 3 and ZP 2st x ZP 4 combinations, between hybrids that also belonged to the same sub-cluster. It can be concluded that the Plus-hybrid effect, after all, depends not on the hybrid genetic distance but on the hybrid genotype.Kombinovani uticaj citoplazmatske muške sterilnosti i ksenija na svojstva hibrida kukuruza naziva se Plus-hibrid efekat. Seje se mešavina dva hibrida, od kojih je jedan sterilna majka, a drugi fertilni polinator. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi da li se sa povećanjem genetičke distance hibrida povećava dobit od Plus-hibrid efekta na prinos zrna. Za ispitivanje su odabrana dva ZP hibrida (ZP 1 i ZP 2), tj. njihove sterilne i fertilne verzije, kao i pet hibrida oprašivača (ZP 1, ZP 2, ZP 3, ZP 4 i ZP 5). Za utvrđivanje genetičke distance između hibrida korišćeni su SSR markeri. Izračunati su i koeficijenti genetičke distance po Dice-u i Jaccard-u. Najveća genetička distanca po Dice-u dobijena je između hibrida ZP 1 i ZP 5 (0.37), a najmanja između ZP 1 i ZP 4 (0.08). Vrednosti genetičke distance po Jaccard-u su u opsegu od 0.54 (ZP 1 i ZP 5) do 0.14 (ZP 1 i ZP 4). Klaster analiza je grupisala četiri hibrida ZP 1, ZP 4, ZP 3 i ZP 2 u jedan subklaster za koji je labavo vezan ZP 5. Oba hibrida su u kombinaciji sa ZP 5, koji im je genetički najudaljeniji, dali najlošije rezultate. Može se zaključiti da Plus-hibrid efekat, ipak, zavisi od genotipa hibrida, a ne njihove genetičke distance

Fenotipsko utvrđivanje genetičkog diverziteta među lokalnim populacijama kukuruza

Maize Research Institute genebank maintains the collection of 2178 landraces (divided in 18 agroecological groups) collected from the territories of the former Yugoslavia. The results of phenotypic analyses of 54 accessions (representatives of all 18 agroecological groups) are presented in this study. Six introduced populations (originating from France, China and Georgia) were also analyzed as checks, as it was assumed that they should be genetically distant from the landraces. Fifteen morphological traits were analyzed, as well as, the anthesis-silking interval. The cluster analysis was performed based on the average values of the measured traits (four clusters were formed). High heterogeneity among the landraces was observed. This result is an indirect confirmation of landraces adaptations to specific environments and different purposes. Among the landraces within the same (sub)cluster the lowest variability was determined for the plant height and the ear height, as well as, for the leaf number and the ear leaf length. The cluster analysis clearly separated several flint landraces, which most probably represent old populations that used to be grown in isolated areas, under specific agroecological conditions in which crosses to other maize varieties did not occur.Banka gena Instituta za kukuruz održava kolekciju od 2178 lokalnih populacija (podeljenih u 18 agroekoloških grupa), koje su sakupljene sa teritorija bivše Jugoslavije. U ovom radu su predstavljeni rezultati fenotipske analize 54 lokalne populacije, sa tri populacije iz svake agroekološke grupe. Šest introdukovanih populacija, iz Francuske, Kine i Gruzije su takođe uključene u ova ispitivanja kao kontrola, jer se pošlo od pretpostavke da bi trebalo da su genetički udaljene od lokalnih populacija. Analizirano je ukupno 15 morfoloških svojstava, kao i interval između svilanja i metličanja. Na osnovu srednjih vrednosti merenih osobina urađena je klaster analiza (formirano je ukupno četiri klastera), koja je ukazala na visok stepen heterogenosti među lokalnim populacija. Na ovaj način je indirektno potvrđena njihova prilagođenost specifičnim uslovima spoljašnje sredine, kao i različitim namenama. Između populacija unutar jednog (sub)klastera najmanja varijabilnost je utvrđena za svojstva visina biljke i visina klipa, kao i za broj listova i dužinu lista do klipa. Većina lokalnih populacija se grupisala u isti klaster, podeljen u dva subklastera. Klaster analiza je jasno izdvojila tvrdunce, koji najverovatnije predstavljaju veoma stare populacije, koje su gajene u izolovanim područjima, pod specifičnim agroekološkim uslovima i koje se nisu ukrštale sa drugim sortama kukuruza

A simple SSR analysis for genetic diversity estimation of maize landraces

A collection of 2217 landraces from western Balkan (former Yugoslavia) is maintained at Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje gene bank. Nine flint and nine dent accessions from six agro-ecological groups (races), chosen on the basis of diverse pedigrees, were analyzed for genetic relatedness using phenotypic and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. One of the aims was to establish a reliable set of SSR markers for a rapid diversity analysis using polyacrilamide gels and ethidium bromide staining. In the principal component analysis (PCA) the first three principal components accounted for 80.86% of total variation and separated most of the flint from dent landraces. Ten SSR primers revealed a total of 56 and 63 alleles in flint and dent landraces, respectively, with low stuttering and good allele resolution on the gels. High average PIC value (0.822) also supports informativeness and utility of the markers used in this study. Higher genetic variation was observed among flint genotypes, as genetic distances between flint landraces covered a larger range of values (0.11-0.38) than between dent (0.22 - 0.33) genotypes. Both phenotypic and SSR analyses distinguished flint and dent landraces, but neither of them could abstract agro-ecological groups. The SSR method used gave clear, easy to read band patterns that could be used for reliable allele frequency determination. Genetic diversity revealed for both markers indicated that the landraces were highly adapted to specific environmental conditions and purposes and could be valuable sources of genetic variability

Tryptophan content increase in maize inbred lines improved through marker assisted breeding

Quality protein maize (QPM) has high content of essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan that are deficient in standard maize. Naturally occurring opaque2 recessive mutation has been the most widely studied and used as a source for genetic improvement of the nutritional value of maize proteins. Marker assisted conversion of maize inbred lines to QPM adapted to temperate regions is being conducted at Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje (MRIZP). The ultimate goal is selection of the opaque2 recessive genotypes (foreground selection) with the highest proportion of recurrent parentʹs genome (background selection) along with high lysine/tryptophan content without losing good agronomic performances of the original line. After two backcrossing and selection of heterozygous individual plants, opaque2-specific molecular markers phi057 and umc1066 successfully identified recessive homozygotes in BC2F2 generation. The next step was to confirm expression of the QPM trait through elevated kernel tryptophan content (TC). Laboratory analyses were used to quantify and select for acceptable tryptophan concentrations for QPM - above 0.075%. The results presented in this paper relate to identification of BC2F3 progenies with increased TC in the conversion of two MRIZP commercial inbred lines (RP1 and RP2). The average TC ranged from 0.070% in RP1 to 0.074% in RP2. Out of 60 progenies from these two lines, 27 had TC at or above the QPM treshold. A total of 12 progenies was chosen for the highest tryptophan content. These lines will serve as parental lines for developing QPM hybrids adapted to temperate regions

Ljubav prema istraživanjima u doba korone

Iako su nam dobro poznata psihološka istraživanja u kojima su kao „ispitanici“ učestvovale životnje, jasno je da najveći broj naših studija podrazumeva intenzivnu interakciju i komunikaciju sa ljudima. Kada je reč o kvantitativnim istraživanjima, ispitivač u relativno kratkom vremenskom periodu uspostavlja kontakt sa velikim brojem osoba, pri čemu se često regrutuju prigodni uzorci (učenika, studenata ili zaposlenih u jednoj radnoj organizaciji), tako da se učesnici u istraživanju mogu okupiti u većim grupama na jednom mestu. Ako se, pak, istraživanje sprovodi na nacionalno reprezentativnom uzorku, ispitivači će najverovatnije biti u prilici da putuju, zalazeći u sve krajeve nekog regiona i često kontaktirajući sa ispitanicima u njihovim domovima. U psihološkim studijama, koje se oslanjaju na kvalitativnu metodologiju, istraživač je, po pravilu, u dodiru s manjim brojem osoba, ali je kontakt s njima utoliko „bliži“ i često podrazumeva dugotrajnu komunikaciju licem u lice. Početkom 2020. godine Svetska zdravstvena organizacija proglasila je pandemiju novog virusa korona SARSCoV- 2, koji izaziva oboljenje poznato pod skraćenicom kovid 19 (Corona virus disease 2019). Većina država, uključujući i Srbiju, kao odgovor na pandemiju propisala je mere koje su imale cilj da smanje fizičke kontakte među ljudima, kako bi se usporilo prenošenje virusa u populaciji. Srbija je jedna od retkih država koje su uvele i vanredno stanje, uključujući i ograničenje kretanja građana tokom velikog dela dana (takozvani „policijski čas“). Mnogi od gorenavedenih aspekata psiholoških istraživanja – okupljanje većeg broja ispitanika u jednoj prostoriji, odlazak ispitivača u različite krajeve zemlje i ulaženje u brojna domaćinstva, razgovor u fokus-grupama – time su postali praktično nemogući, ali je jednako bila nezamisliva ideja da se ta istraživanja obustave. Ovo posebno stoga što su promene u načinu života tokom pandemije otvorile i sasvim nova psihološka pitanja ili stvorile potrebu da se već istraživani psihološki problemi ispitaju u novonastalim okolnostima. Na ovom okruglom stolu pozabavićemo se, s jedne strane, preprekama na koje su istraživači naišli s pojavom pandemije kovida 19 i rešenjima koja su uspeli da iznađu: Na koji način organizovati metodološki korektna psihološka istraživanja u uslovima ograničenih fizičkih kontakata i kretanja? Da li je i kako moguće doći do ispitanika? Kakvu ulogu u prikupljanju podataka i formiranju uzoraka ima onaljn zadavanje upitničkih mera i kakva su merenja psiholoških fenomen uopšte moguća u onlajn okruženju? S druge strane, osvrnućemo se i na psihološka pitanja koja je pandemija takoreći postavila pred istraživače: Kako fizičko distanciranje od drugih osoba, izolacija, ograničenje sloboda, rad od kuće i prelazak u onlajn okruženje menjaju naše mentalno zdravlje i psihičko funkcionisanje uopšte? Da li nam je pandemija donekle omogućila uslove prirodnog eksperimenta za ispitivanje efekata navedenih pojava na ljudsku psihu?Knjiga rezimea / 68. Naučno-stručni skup Kongres psihologa, 27-28. novembar 202

Fenotipska i SSR analiza lokalnih populacija tvrdunaca i zubana iz regiona Jugoslavije

A collection of 2217 landraces from former Yugoslavia region is maintained at Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje gene bank. All local varieties from the former Yugoslavia are classified into 18 groups. These agroecological groups encompass early introduced flint types grown on small and isolated areas, later introduced dent types that spread on wide areas of crop production and types created through hybridization between these two kernel types. The objective of this research was to study population structure, genetic diversity and relationships of nine flint and nine dent accessions belonging to different agro-ecological groups using phenotypic and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The 18 analyzed landraces displayed great variation for most analyzed traits, but flint landraces were more diverse. Ten SSR probes revealed total of 56 and 62 alleles in flint and dent landraces, respectively. Eight specific alleles (i.e. alleles found only in one landrace or only within flint, i.e. dent landraces) were detected with five probes. One specific allele was found in flint and seven alleles in dent landraces. These differences in allele structure point to different origins and possibly different purposes of flint and dent genotypes. Both phenotypic and SSR analyses could distinguish most flint and dent landraces, but not agro-ecological groups. The results revealed a significant genetic heterogeneity indicating that the analyzed landraces could be valuable sources of genetic variability.Kolekcija od 2217 lokalnih populacija sa teritorija Jugoslavije se održava u banci gena Instituta za kukuruz Zemun Polje. Populacije su klasifikovane u 18 agro-ekoloških grupa, koje obuhvataju rano introdikovane tipove tvrdunaca, kasnije inrodukovane tipove zubana i tipove nastale njihovom hibridizacijom. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se utvrdi struktura i genetička divergentnost, pomoću fenotipskih i SSR markera, devet populacija tvrdunaca i devet populacija zubana koji pripadaju različitim agro-ekološkim grupama. Analizirane populacije su pokazale visok stepen varijacija za većinu analiziranih osobina, mada su populacije tvrdunaca bile raznovrsnije. Ukupno 56 alela je detektovano u populacijama tvrdunaca, odnosno 64 u populacijama zubana, pomoću deset SSR markera. Osam specifičnih alela (alela detektovanih samo medu tvrduncima, odnosno zubanima) je identifikovano pomoću pet proba - jedan alel medu tvrduncima i sedam medu zubanima. Ove razlike u alelnoj strukturi ukazuju na razlicito poreklo i različite namene genotipova tvrdunaca i zubana. Fenotipska i SSR analiza su mogle da razdvoje većinu tvrdunaca od zubana, ali ne i agro-ekološke grupe. Rezultati su pokazali značajnu genetičku heterogenost analiziranih populacija, koja bi mogla biti dragocen izvor genetičke varijabilnosti