Composición química y cinética de producción de gas in vitro de la cascarilla de soya

La ovinocultura se desarrolla bajo sistemas de producción diversos, que definen enfoques que consideran la parte económica, social y el medio ambiente. La parte social involucra la cadena productiva, considera factores tanto personales, como de exigencias de la sociedad en la que se encuentra inmerso el productor. Sin embargo existen diferentes tipologías en las que se encuentran los productores como pueden ser el tipo de organización y sus objetivos; en la parte económica interviene la capacidad de producción, el recurso genético, infraestructura con la que se apoya esta actividad, disponibilidad de materia prima y el acceso al mercado; en cuanto al medio ambiente, se refiere en el que se desenvuelven, físico, climatológico y la orientación del producto a través de la comercialización que hace hincapié en el desarrollo de la producción de nuestro país con destino al mercado y al consumo inmediato (Garrido, 2010).La degradabilidad in vitro de la cascarilla de soya, mostro un comportamiento gradual ascendente de la hora 0 a la hora 48 manteniendo una producción de gas constante, se determinó que la degradabilidad de la materia seca de este subproducto fue de 75% y un pH in vitro de 6.71 que se considera óptimo para el desarrollo microbiano ruminal. Este subproducto puede ser utilizado en la alimentación de ovinos y puede mostrar ventajas como fuente de fibra de alta calidad

Influence of dietary fiber upon in vitro microbial cecal fermentation in mexican hairless and mexican cuino pigs

The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro cecal fermentation (by the gas production technique), in Mexican hairless pig (MHP) and Mexican cuino pig (MCP), adding cellulose or starch as substrates (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/g DM). 12 pigs were slaughtered (BW= 104±0.5 kg), six of each genotype were collected from the cecal contents and there was a pool for every two pigs in each genotype, and thereafter, for each substrate (cellulose or starch) in its different concentration, three flasks were incubated with inoculum for each pool and made three series of incubation. The experimental design use the effect of genotype, substrate and concentration of the substrate added on the variables of in vitro fermentation. The averages of the data were compared by Tukey's method. In vitro gas production was higher (P<0.05) (mL/g DM) for MHP (206.8) vs MCP (180.2). The degradation fractional rate rhythm (b, 0.094 and c, -0.0127) and lag time (1.79) of the MHP was higher than MCP (b, 0.074; c -0.102) and lag time (1.26); with the addition of carbohydrates as substrates, in vitro gas production of potato starch was higher (P<0.05) than cellulose (238.3 vs 148.7 mL/g DM); the fractions b, c and lag time, there were differences (P<0.05) between substrates. The increasing addition of cellulose or starch had a lineal effect (P<0.05) with the gas production, level cero mg (133.46) to 400 mg of substrate (263.16 mL/g DM). MHP had a higher cecal fermentation than MCP, being higher the gas production at 9 and 12 h, there was higher gas production (cecal fermentation) when added starch as substrate

Mineral Profile in Soil and Forages of Rangelands of the Huasteca Potosina, Mexico

Mineral imbalances in soils and forages may cause suboptimal production of forage biomass and livestock. Objective: To determine the concentrations of minerals in soil and forage during the dry and wet seasons in the Huasteca Potosina. Materials and Methods: Samples from the soil and the main forage species consumed by livestock were collected in 17 production units (PU). The P content in soil and forage was determined by colorimetry, while the Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Co content was established by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and flame photometry was used to calculate Na and K content. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance; the effect of PU, season, and interactions was considered as fixed effect. Means were compared using Tukey’s test. Results and Discussion: P and Cu content was below the minimum critical level required for adequate plant growth. Furthermore, the P, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Co, and Zn concentration in forage failed to meet the minimum requirements for livestock. Conclusions: The mineral imbalances in the grazing areas and the forages do not meet the minimum mineral requirements of dual-purpose cattle in the Huasteca Potosina

Effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride and zinc methionine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of beef bulls

Sixty beef bulls with a body weight (BW) of 314.79 16.2 kg were used to evaluate the effects of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and zinc methionine (ZM) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with a factorial 22 arrangement of treatments (ZH: 0 and 0.15 mg kg 1 BW; ZM: 0 and 80 mg kg 1 dry matter). The ZH increased (PB0.05) the final BW, average daily gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and longissimus dorsi area. Bulls fed ZH plus ZM had less (PB0.01) backfat thickness and intramuscular fat (IMF) compared with those fed ZH or ZM alone. The ZH increased (PB0.02) the meat crude protein content and cooking loss. It is therefore concluded that ZH increases growth performance, carcass yield, longissimus dorsi area, and meat crude protein. The interaction of ZM and ZH did not present additional advantages. The reason for the reduction in backfat thickness and IMF by ZH plus ZM is unclear, and implies that our knowledge of b-agonistic adrenergic substances and their interactions with minerals is incomplete

Producción de biomasa, composición química y producción de gas in vitro de la vegetación de una sabana estacional modulada

In order to characterize forages from a modulated seasonal Savanna. Determination of forage dry matter yield production (Mg ha-1year), Crude protein (CP), Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and Lignin (ADL), and in vitro gas production to determine the fermentability and degradability in native forage samples taken in four seasons of the year: Drought, Drought-Rainy Transition (DRT), Rainy and Rainy-Drought Transition (RDT) and three physiographical units (Bank, Sandbank and Tideland) was made in a modulated seasonal savanna in the state of Apure. Venezuela. Pastures performance results varied (P≤0,01) in function to year's seasons and physiographical units, where the lower offer was in DRT and Drought seasons in comparison to RDT and Rainy (1,2 and 1,8 vs 3,5 and 3,0 Mg DM ha-1year), in Sandbank unit was lower (P≤0,01) than Tideland and Bank: 1,8; 2,10 and 2,4 Mg DM ha-1 year-1, respectively. CP content (g 100 g) was higher (P ≤ 0,01) in DRT season (11,84) than the rest (6,6±1,1), in the physiographical units there was no difference (P ≥ 0,05). The in vitro gas production (ml gas g DM) was in Rainy season (156,89), proceeded by DRT (148,47) with a difference (P≤0,01) respecting to Drought and RDT, in Tideland it was increased (P≤0,05)(139,10) respecting to Bank (131,58) and Sandbank (131,80). These results from the usage for a savanna management, the grazing must be done from December to April (Drought) in the Tideland, from May to June (DRT) in the Sandbank, from July to September (Rainy) in the Bank, and September up to November (RDT) in Sandbank unit. It is desirable to consider the forage yield and nutritive quality of the forage for a better usage it.Con el fin de caracterizar los forrajes naturales provenientes de una sabana estacional modulada, se determinó la producción de materia seca (Mg ha-1año-1), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente acido (FDA), lignina (LAD) en las muestras de forrajes, así como la producción de gas in vitro para medir su fermentación y degradación en muestras de forrajes nativas tomadas en cuatro épocas del año: Seca (S), Transición Seco-Lluvia (TSLL), Lluvia (LL) y Transición Lluvia-Seco (TLLS) en tres unidades fisiográficas (banco, bajío y estero) en una sabana estacional modulada del estado Apure, Venezuela. Los resultados del rendimiento de las pasturas vario (P ≤ 0,01) en función de las épocas del año (EA) y unidades fisiográficas (UF) donde la menor oferta fue en las épocas de TSLL y S en comparación a TLLS y LL (1,2 y 1,8 vs 3,5 y 3,0 Mg MS ha-1 año-1), en la unidad de bajío es menor (P≤0,01) a las unidades de estero y banco: 1,8; 2,10 y 2,4 Mg MS ha-1 año, respectivamente. El contenido de PC (g 100g) fue superior (P ≤ 0,01) en la época TSLL (11,84) con respecto al resto (6,6±1,1), en las UF no hubo diferencias (P ≥ 0,05). La mayor producción de gas (ml gas gMS) fue en la época de LL (156,89) seguida por TSLL (148,47) con diferencia (P = 0,01) respecto a las épocas S y TLLS, en el estero se incrementó (P≤0,05) (139,10) respecto al banco (131,58) y bajío (131,80). Desde el carácter de uso para el manejo de la sabana, el pastoreo se debe realizar de diciembre - abril (S) en el estero, de mayo a junio (TSLL) en el bajío, de julio a septiembre (LL) en el banco, de septiembre a noviembre (TLLS) en la unidad de bajío. Se recomienda considerar la producción de biomasa y la calidad nutritiva del forraje para un mejor aprovechamiento

Short communication. Effects of adding different protein and carbohydrates sources on chemical composition and in vitro gas production of corn stover silage

The use of protein-rich by-products based in swine manure (SM), poultry waste (PW) or chemicals compounds as urea (U), as well as energy products like molasses (M) and bakery by-product (BB), is a viable method to produce good quality silage. In addition, the use of a bacterial additive can improve the fermentation characteristics of silage. The objective of this study was to determine chemical composition, in vitro gas production (GP) and dry matter disappearance (DMd), using different sources of protein and energy in silage. The silages were made using SM, PW or U as protein sources and M or BB as energy source, with corn stover and with or without a bacterial additive. The organic matter (OM) content was higher (p<0.001) in silages with UBB, UM and SMBB compared with the rest of the treatments; meanwhile crude protein content was higher (p<0.001) in silages with U. The addition of a bacterial additive increased (p<0.05) OM content and decreased (p<0.05) fiber content. Total GP was higher (p<0.05) in silages containing BB, but DMd was higher (p<0.05) in silages with U and SMBB. The inclusion of a bacterial additive decreased (p<0.05) GP and DMd. The use of alternative sources of protein such as poultry and swine manure or urea, and of by-products of sugar industry and bakery is an alternative for silages based on corn stover. The results show that when properly formulated, the silages can provide more than 16% of crude protein and have DMd values above 60%

Effect of increasing levels of seven tree species extracts added to a high concentrate diet on in vitro rumen gas output

There is a constant relationship between PSM at relatively low and moderate concentrations, and gas production (GP). This depends on the nature, activity and concentration of its active principles (Jiménez-Peralta et al. 2011; Salem et al. 2014). Rumen microorganisms have the ability to degrade low concentrations of alkaloids (Wachenheim et al. 1992), saponins (Hart et al. 2008) and phenolics (Varel et al. 1991) and utilize them as an energy source, without negative effects on rumen fermentation.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing levels of extracts of Byrsonima crassifolia, Celtis pallida, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Fraxinus excelsior, Ficus trigonata, Phoradendrom brevifolium and Prunus domestica on in vitro gas production (GP) and ruminal fermentation of a high concentrate diet. Plant extracts were prepared at 1 g dry matter (DM)/8 mL of solvent mixture (methanol : ethanol : water, 1:1:8) and added at levels of 0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mL/g DM of a high concentrate diet. In vitro GP was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Increasing addition of extracts linearly increased (P < 0.001), the GP24, GP48 and GP72 (mL/g DM), and linearly decreased (P < 0.001), the discrete GP lag time. Moreover, increasing extract doses linearly increased (P < 0.001) the asymptotic GP and decreased (P < 0.001) the rate of GP. GP6 was not impacted by treatments and GP12 increased linearly (P = 0.01) with increasing addition of extracts. Rumen pH declined linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing doses of extracts added. As no interactions (P > 0.05) occurred between the extracts and doses, it could be conclude that all extracts positively modified rumen fermentation at doses of 1.2 to 1.8 mL extract/g diet DM

RENDIMIENTO DE CORDEROS EN CRECIMIENTO ALIMENTADOS CON ENSILADOS DE POLLINAZA, CERDAZA Y UREA CON MELAZA DE CAÑA O UN SUBPRODUCTO DE PANADERÍA

Las excretas pecuarias están constituidas por fracciones de alimentos no digeridas y por otros nutrientes que se incorporan en el tubo digestivo de los animales. Su producción y acumulación es fuente de contaminación ambiental, pero también son una fuente valiosa de nitrógeno y minerales en la alimentación de rumiantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar dietas con ensilados de rastrojo de maíz, melaza de caña (MEL) y subproducto de panadería (SPP) como fuentes de carbohidratos hidrosolubles (C), mezclados con cerdaza fresca (CF), pollinaza deshidratada (PO) y urea agrícola (UR) como fuentes de nitrógeno (N), y su efecto en el crecimiento y las características de la canal de corderos. Los corderos recibieron durante 60 d dietas con 145 g PC kg-1 MS y 10 MJ EM kg-1 MS, más 400 g kg-1 (MS) de ensilado. Después, los corderos se sacrificaron para medir variables productivas y calidad de la canal. El consumo de MS (CMS) se analizó con medidas repetidas; para rendimiento, engrasamiento y morfometría se empleó el diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 3. Las variables cualitativas se analizaron con la prueba Kruskal-Wallis. Las medias de cuadrados mínimos de CMS a los 60 d no presentaron diferencias (p>0.05) entre tratamientos. Sin embargo, hubo efecto (p£0.05) de la fuente de N sobre ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) e interacción de NxC para ancho de pierna y grosor de grasa torácica. La fuente de C afectó (p£0.05) el rendimiento del perímetro de pierna, área de chuleta y profundidad de grasa subcutánea. La conformación de la canal fue inferior (p£0.05) para la combinación SPP con UR; con los otros tratamientos se obtuvieron grados de conformación de R a U. El tratamiento SPP con CF causó las mayores (p£0.05) coberturas de grasa externa, color de carne rosa claro y color de grasa crema. La conclusión es que los corderos alimentados con ensilado de CF y SPP tuvieron canales con mejor conformación y engrasamiento