Multi-criteria analysis applied to multi-objective optimal pump scheduling in water systems

[EN] This work presents a multi-criteria-based approach to automatically select specific non-dominated solutions from a Pareto front previously obtained using multi-objective optimization to find optimal solutions for pump control in a water supply system. Optimal operation of pumps in these utilities is paramount to enable water companies to achieve energy efficiency in their systems. The Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) is used to rank the Pareto solutions found by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) employed to solve the multi-objective problem. Various scenarios are evaluated under leakage uncertainty conditions, resulting in fuzzy solutions for the Pareto front. This paper shows the suitability of the approach for quasi real-world problems. In our case-study, the obtained solutions for scenarios including leakage represent the best trade-off among the optimal solutions, under some considered criteria, namely, operational cost, operational lack of service, pressure uniformity and network resilience. Potential future developments could include the use of clustering alternatives to evaluate the goodness of each solution under the considered evaluation criteria.Carpitella, S.; Brentan, BM.; Montalvo Arango, I.; Izquierdo Sebastián, J.; Certa, A. (2019). Multi-criteria analysis applied to multi-objective optimal pump scheduling in water systems. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply. 19(8):2338-2346. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.115S23382346198Ancău, M., & Caizar, C. (2010). The computation of Pareto-optimal set in multicriterial optimization of rapid prototyping processes. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 58(4), 696-708. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2010.01.015Aşchilean, I., Badea, G., Giurca, I., Naghiu, G. S., & Iloaie, F. G. (2017). Choosing the Optimal Technology to Rehabilitate the Pipes in Water Distribution Systems Using the AHP Method. Energy Procedia, 112, 19-26. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1109Brentan, B., Meirelles, G., Luvizotto, E., & Izquierdo, J. (2018). Joint Operation of Pressure-Reducing Valves and Pumps for Improving the Efficiency of Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 144(9), 04018055. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000974Certa, A., Enea, M., Galante, G. M., & La Fata, C. M. (2017). ELECTRE TRI-based approach to the failure modes classification on the basis of risk parameters: An alternative to the risk priority number. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 108, 100-110. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2017.04.018Chen, C.-T. (2000). Extensions of the TOPSIS for group decision-making under fuzzy environment. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 114(1), 1-9. doi:10.1016/s0165-0114(97)00377-1Cruz-Reyes, L., Fernandez, E., Sanchez, P., Coello Coello, C. A., & Gomez, C. (2017). Incorporation of implicit decision-maker preferences in multi-objective evolutionary optimization using a multi-criteria classification method. Applied Soft Computing, 50, 48-57. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2016.10.037Farmani, R., Ingeduld, P., Savic, D., Walters, G., Svitak, Z., & Berka, J. (2007). Real-time modelling of a major water supply system. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management, 160(2), 103-108. doi:10.1680/wama.2007.160.2.103Hadas, Y., & Nahum, O. E. (2016). Urban bus network of priority lanes: A combined multi-objective, multi-criteria and group decision-making approach. Transport Policy, 52, 186-196. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.08.006Hamdan, S., & Cheaitou, A. (2017). Supplier selection and order allocation with green criteria: An MCDM and multi-objective optimization approach. Computers & Operations Research, 81, 282-304. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2016.11.005Ho, W. (2008). Integrated analytic hierarchy process and its applications – A literature review. European Journal of Operational Research, 186(1), 211-228. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2007.01.004Jowitt, P. W., & Germanopoulos, G. (1992). Optimal Pump Scheduling in Water‐Supply Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 118(4), 406-422. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1992)118:4(406)Jowitt, P. W., & Xu, C. (1990). Optimal Valve Control in Water‐Distribution Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 116(4), 455-472. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1990)116:4(455)Kurek, W., & Ostfeld, A. (2013). Multi-objective optimization of water quality, pumps operation, and storage sizing of water distribution systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 115, 189-197. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.030Lima, G. M., Luvizotto, E., & Brentan, B. M. (2017). Selection and location of Pumps as Turbines substituting pressure reducing valves. 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Optimal placement of pressure sensors using fuzzy DEMATEL-based sensor influence

[EN] Nowadays, optimal sensor placement (OSP) for leakage detection in water distribution networks is a lively field of research, and a challenge for water utilities in terms of network control, management, and maintenance. How many sensors to install and where to install them are crucial decisions to make for those utilities to reach a trade-off between efficiency and economy. In this paper, we address the where-to-install-them part of the OSP through the following elements: nodes' sensitivity to leakage, uncertainty of information, and redundancy through conditional entropy maximisation. We evaluate relationships among candidate sensors in a network to get a picture of the mutual influence among the nodes. This analysis is performed within a multi-criteria decision-making approach: specifically, a herein proposed variant of DEMATEL, which uses fuzzy logic and builds comparison matrices derived from information obtained through leakage simulations of the network. We apply the proposal first to a toy example to show how the approach works, and then to a real-world case study.This research has been partially supported by the CNPq grant with number 156213/2018-4.Frances-Chust, J.; Brentan, BM.; Carpitella, S.; Izquierdo Sebastián, J.; Montalvo, I. (2020). Optimal placement of pressure sensors using fuzzy DEMATEL-based sensor influence. Water. 12(2):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020493S118122Li, J., Wang, C., Qian, Z., & Lu, C. (2019). Optimal sensor placement for leak localization in water distribution networks based on a novel semi-supervised strategy. Journal of Process Control, 82, 13-21. doi:10.1016/j.jprocont.2019.08.001Pérez, R., Puig, V., Pascual, J., Quevedo, J., Landeros, E., & Peralta, A. (2011). Methodology for leakage isolation using pressure sensitivity analysis in water distribution networks. 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(2000). Optimal sampling design for model calibration using shortest path, genetic and entropy algorithms. Urban Water, 2(2), 141-152. doi:10.1016/s1462-0758(00)00052-2Cugueró-Escofet, M. À., Puig, V., & Quevedo, J. (2017). Optimal pressure sensor placement and assessment for leak location using a relaxed isolation index: Application to the Barcelona water network. Control Engineering Practice, 63, 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2017.03.003Sela Perelman, L., Abbas, W., Koutsoukos, X., & Amin, S. (2016). Sensor placement for fault location identification in water networks: A minimum test cover approach. Automatica, 72, 166-176. doi:10.1016/j.automatica.2016.06.005Carpitella, S., Carpitella, F., Certa, A., Benítez, J., & Izquierdo, J. (2018). Managing Human Factors to Reduce Organisational Risk in Industry. Mathematical and Computational Applications, 23(4), 67. doi:10.3390/mca23040067Addae, B. A., Zhang, L., Zhou, P., & Wang, F. (2019). Analyzing barriers of Smart Energy City in Accra with two-step fuzzy DEMATEL. Cities, 89, 218-227. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.043Dalvi-Esfahani, M., Niknafs, A., Kuss, D. J., Nilashi, M., & Afrough, S. (2019). Social media addiction: Applying the DEMATEL approach. Telematics and Informatics, 43, 101250. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2019.101250Quezada, L. E., López-Ospina, H. A., Palominos, P. I., & Oddershede, A. M. (2018). Identifying causal relationships in strategy maps using ANP and DEMATEL. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 118, 170-179. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2018.02.020Nilashi, M., Samad, S., Manaf, A. A., Ahmadi, H., Rashid, T. A., Munshi, A., … Hassan Ahmed, O. (2019). Factors influencing medical tourism adoption in Malaysia: A DEMATEL-Fuzzy TOPSIS approach. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 137, 106005. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2019.106005Zhang, L., Sun, X., & Xue, H. (2019). Identifying critical risks in Sponge City PPP projects using DEMATEL method: A case study of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226, 949-958. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.067Du, Y.-W., & Zhou, W. (2019). New improved DEMATEL method based on both subjective experience and objective data. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 83, 57-71. doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2019.05.001Yazdi, M., Nedjati, A., Zarei, E., & Abbassi, R. (2020). A novel extension of DEMATEL approach for probabilistic safety analysis in process systems. Safety Science, 121, 119-136. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.09.006Chen, Z., Ming, X., Zhang, X., Yin, D., & Sun, Z. (2019). A rough-fuzzy DEMATEL-ANP method for evaluating sustainable value requirement of product service system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 485-508. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.145Wu, W.-W., & Lee, Y.-T. (2007). Developing global managers’ competencies using the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Expert Systems with Applications, 32(2), 499-507. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2005.12.005Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. 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A Birkhoff connection between quantum circuits and linear classical reversible circuits

Birkhoff's theorem tells how any doubly stochastic matrix can be decomposed as a weighted sum of permutation matrices. Similar theorems on unitary matrices reveal a connection between quantum circuits and linear classical reversible circuits. It triggers the question whether a quantum computer can be regarded as a superposition of classical reversible computers

Performance of Different Diagnostic PD-L1 Clones in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background: The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with specific diagnostic biomarkers presents new challenges to pathologists as tumor tissue needs to be tested for expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) for a variety of indications. As there is currently no requirement to use companion diagnostic assays for PD-L1 testing in Germany different clones are used in daily routine. While the correlation of staining results has been tested in various entities, there is no data for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) so far. Methods: We tested five different PD-L1 clones (SP263, SP142, E1L3N, 22-8, 22C3) on primary HNSCC tumor tissue of 75 patients in the form of tissue microarrays. Stainings of both immune and tumor cells were then assessed and quantified by pathologists to simulate real-world routine diagnostics. The results were analyzed descriptively and the resulting staining pattern across patients was further investigated by principal component analysis and non-negative matrix factorization clustering. Results: Percentages of positive immune and tumor cells varied greatly. Both the resulting combined positive score as well as the eligibility for certain checkpoint inhibitor regimens was therefore strongly dependent on the choice of the antibody. No relevant co-clustering and low similarity of relative staining patterns across patients was found for the different antibodies. Conclusions: Performance of different diagnostic anti PD-L1 antibody clones in HNSCC is less robust and interchangeable compared to reported data from other tumor entities. Determination of PD-L1 expression is critical for therapeutic decision making and may be aided by back-to-back testing of different PD-L1 clones

Optimal squeezing for high-precision atom interferometers

We show that squeezing is a crucial resource for interferometers based on the spatial separation of ultra-cold interacting matter. Atomic interactions lead to a general limitation for the precision of these atom interferometers, which can neither be surpassed by larger atom numbers nor by conventional phase or number squeezing. However, tailored squeezed states allow to overcome this sensitivity bound by anticipating the major detrimental effect that arises from the interactions. We envisage applications in future high-precision differential matter-wave interferometers, in particular gradiometers, e.g., for gravitational-wave detection.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure