Proporções e doses das misturas de 32P-superfosfato triplo com fosfato natural no desenvolvimento do milho

The availability of phosphorus (P) from " Patos de Minas" phosphate rock (PR) can be improved if it is applied mixed with a water-soluble P source. The objective of this study was to evaluate 32P as a tracer to quantify the effect of the ratio of mixtures of triple superphosphate (TSP) with PR and the rates of application on P availability from PR. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse utilizing corn (Zea mays L.) plants as test crop. In the first experiment, the P sources were applied at the rate of 90 mg P kg-1 soil either separately or as compacted mixtures in several TSP:PR ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 calculated on the basis of the total P content). In the second experiment, the TSP was applied alone or as 50:50 compacted mixtures with PR applied at four P rates (15, 30, 60 and 90 mg P kg-1) while the sole PR treatment was applied at the 90 mg kg-1 P rate . The mixture of PR with TSP improved the P recovery from PR in the corn plant and this effect increased proportionally to the TSP amounts in the mixture. When compared with the plant P recovery from TSP (10.52%), PR-P recovery (2.57%) was much lower even when mixed together in the ratio of 80% TSP: 20% PR. There was no difference in PR-P utilization by the corn plants with increasing P rates in the mixture (1:1 proportion). Therefore, PR-P availability is affected by the proportions of the mixtures with water soluble P, but not by P rates.A disponibilidade de fósforo do fosfato natural de Patos de Minas (FN) pode ser melhorada se aplicado junto com uma fonte de P solúvel em água. O objetivo desse estudo foi usar o 32P como traçador para quantificar o efeito das doses e das proporções das misturas de superfosfato triplo (SFT) com FN no aumento da disponibilidade de P do FN. Dois experimentos foram desenvolvidos em casa-de-vegetação com plantas de milho (Zea mays L.) como cultura teste. No primeiro experimento as fontes de fósforo, na dose de 90 mg kg-1 de P, foram aplicadas sozinhas ou em misturas compactadas e em várias proporções de SFT com FN (80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 e 20:80) calculadas com base no teor de P total, enquanto que no segundo, o superfosfato triplo foi aplicado tanto sozinho como em misturas compactadas com o fosfato natural de Patos e em quatro doses de P (15, 30, 60 e 90 mg kg-1) na proporção de 50:50 e o FN sozinho na dose de 90 mg P kg-1. A mistura do FN com o SFT melhorou o aproveitamento do P do FN pelo milho e esse efeito foi crescente com o aumento da proporção do SFT na mistura. Se comparado com o aproveitamento do P do SFT (10,52%) pelas plantas o aproveitamento do P do FN (2,57%) foi baixo, mesmo na proporção de 80% SFT: 20% FN. Não houve diferença no aproveitamento do P do PR entre as doses da mistura na proporção de 1:1. Portanto, a disponibilidade de P do FN é afetada pela proporção das misturas com a fonte solúvel de P, mas não pelas doses deste nutriente.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)CNPqFAPES

Mid-infrared spectroscopic investigation of the perfect vitrification of poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous solutions.

Crystallization/recrystallization behaviors of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) aqueous solutions with water contents (WC\u27s) of ∼36-51 wt % were investigated by temperature-variable mid-infrared spectroscopy. At a WC of 43.2 wt %, crystallization and recrystallization of water and PEG were not observed. At this specific WC value (WCPV), perfect vitrification occurred. Below and above the WCPV value, crystallization/recrystallization behaviors changed drastically. The crystallization temperature below WCPV (237 K) was ∼10 K greater than that above WCPV (226 K). Recrystallization above and below WCPV occurred in one (213 K) and two (198 and 210 K) steps, respectively. These findings resulted from the difference in the (re)crystallization behaviors of water molecules associated with PEG chains with helical and random-coil conformations. These two types of water molecules might have limiting concentrations for their (re)crystallization, indicating that perfect vitrification might have occurred when the concentrations of the two types of water molecules were less than the limiting concentrations of their (re)crystallization

Melhorando a disponibilidade de fósforo da rocha fosfórica de patos para Eucalipto: um estudo com radiotraçador 32P

Eucalyptus plantation in Brazil is generally set on low fertility soils, therefore phosphorus (P) fertilization is mandatory and increases the cost of plantation operation. Using species that more efficiently uptake phosphorus from less soluble sources is an interesting option. However, little is known about eucalyptus regarding its ability of using less soluble forms of phosphorus. The use of P by eucalyptus (E. urophylla, E. grandis, and E. urophylla ;´; E. grandis) was studied in greenhouse using a loamy-textured, hipodystrophic Typic Haplustox from the Cerrado region, and 32P isotopic method. The P sources tested were triple superphosphate (TSP), phosphate rock (PR) and the triple superphosphate mixed with PR (TSP+PR). The effectiveness of P sources in terms of increasing dry matter yield was TSP = (TSP + PR) >; PR, and the P uptake followed the order (TSP + PR) >; TSP >; PR for both species plus the hybrid. The increase in P uptake from PR due to TSP influence was 217.3% for E. urophylla, 235.7% for E. grandis, and 28.7% for E. urophylla ;´; E. grandis, indicating an enhancement effect of TSP on the effectiveness of PR. The hybrid E. urophylla ;´; E. grandis was the most efficient genotype on P soil use and E. grandis most exigent in P fertilizer.Como geralmente os solos usados para plantações de eucalipto no Brasil são de baixa fertilidade, a adubação fosfórica é indispensável, incrementando o custo da plantação. Espécies mais eficientes no uso de fósforo (P) de fontes pouco solúveis poderiam ser uma opção interessante. Porém, pouco se conhece ainda sobre o comportamento de eucalipto em relação à capacidade de usar fósforo de fontes com diferente solubilidade em água. O uso de P por eucalipto (E. urophylla, E. grandis, and E. urophylla ;´; E. grandis), foi estudado em experimento de casa de vegetação usando solo da Região de Cerrado, Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo hypodistrófico, e o método isotópico com 32P. As fontes de P usadas foram superfosfato triplo (SFT), rocha fosfórica (RF) e a mistura de superfosfato triplo com rocha fosfórica (SFT+RF). A eficácia das fontes de P em termos do aumento do rendimento de matéria seca seguiu a ordem SFT = (SFT + RF) >; RF e de P absorvido a ordem (SFT + RF) >; SFT >; RF por ambas as espécies e o híbrido de eucalipto. O incremento na absorção de P de RF, influenciada pela mistura com SFT foi de 217,3% em E. urophylla, 235,7% em E. grandis e 28,7% em E. urophylla ;´; E. grandis, indicando o efeito benéfico do SFT sobre a efetividade da RF. O híbrido E. urophylla ;´; E. grandis foi o genótipo mais eficiente no uso de P do solo e E. grandis o mais exigente em P do fertilizante

Atividade da fosfatase ácida e concentração foliar de fósforo em cultivares de soja

The phosphate fertilization represents the most costly fraction of soybean crop production. Efficient soybean cultivars for P absorption and utilization in soils of medium available P are highly desirable and might contribute for increasing crop production potential. Thirty two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars recommended for 'Cerrado' and differing in growth cycle (early, semi-early, semi-late, and late) were grown in a dystrophic Typic Haplustox Cerrado soil to evaluate the acid phosphatase activity, P content in the diagnostic leaf, and shoot biomass. There were differences among the soybean cultivars within all maturation groups in acid phosphatase activity and shoot biomass. The diagnostic-leaf P-content showed significant differences on semi-late and late maturation groups' cultivars. The acid phosphatase activity correlated positively with the plant shoot biomass from semi-early (r = 0.46) and late (r = 0.47) cultivars, and negatively (r = -0.40) with the P content in the diagnostic leaf of late maturation cultivars. The occurrence of soybean cultivars with high and low acid phosphatase activity within the same maturation groups indicates the existence of different mechanisms involving P mobilization in the soil and internal plant P remobilization.A adubação fosfatada corresponde à fração mais onerosa do custo de produção da cultura da soja. A obtenção de cultivares de soja eficientes na absorção e utilização de fósforo (P) em condição de média disponibilidade deste nutriente pode contribuir para aumentar o potencial produtivo da cultura. Trinta e dois cultivares de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], de ciclo precoce, semiprecoce, semitardio e tardio, recomendados para o cerrado, foram cultivados em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico típico, do cerrado, objetivando avaliar a atividade da fosfatase ácida, concentração de P na folha diagnóstico e biomassa da parte aérea. Ocorreram diferenças entre os cultivares dentro de todos os ciclos de maturação na atividade da fosfatase ácida e na biomassa da parte aérea. Cultivares de ciclos semitardio e tardio apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à concentração de fósforo na folha diagnóstico. A atividade da fosfatase ácida correlacionou-se positivamente com a biomassa da parte aérea nos cultivares dos ciclos semiprecoce (r = 0,46) e tardio (r = 0,47) e, negativamente (r = -0,40), com a concentração de P na folha-diagnóstico, nos cultivares do ciclo tardio. A ocorrência de cultivares de soja com alta e baixa atividade da fosfatase ácida dentro do mesmo ciclo de maturação sinalizam a existência de diferentes mecanismos envolvidos na mobilização de P no solo e remobilização interna deste nutriente na planta entre os grupos de cultivares

Chlamydomonas DYX1C1/PF23 is essential for axonemal assembly and proper morphology of inner dynein arms

Cytoplasmic assembly of ciliary dyneins, a process known as preassembly, requires numerous non-dynein proteins, but the identities and functions of these proteins are not fully elucidated. Here, we show that the classical Chlamydomonas motility mutant pf23 is defective in the Chlamydomonas homolog of DYX1C1. The pf23 mutant has a 494 bp deletion in the DYX1C1 gene and expresses a shorter DYX1C1 protein in the cytoplasm. Structural analyses, using cryo-ET, reveal that pf23 axonemes lack most of the inner dynein arms. Spectral counting confirms that DYX1C1 is essential for the assembly of the majority of ciliary inner dynein arms (IDA) as well as a fraction of the outer dynein arms (ODA). A C-terminal truncation of DYX1C1 shows a reduction in a subset of these ciliary IDAs. Sucrose gradients of cytoplasmic extracts show that preassembled ciliary dyneins are reduced compared to wild-type, which suggests an important role in dynein complex stability. The role of PF23/DYX1C1 remains unknown, but we suggest that DYX1C1 could provide a scaffold for macromolecular assembly

Evidence for the Immunosuppressive Potential of Calcineurin Inhibitor-Sparing Regimens in Liver Transplant Recipients with Impaired Renal Function

Patients requiring liver transplantation (LT) frequently experience renal insufficiency (RI), which affects their survival. Although calcineurin inhibitor-sparing immunosuppressive regimens (CSRs) are well known to prevent RI, the immune state in recipients receiving CSR remains to be intensively investigated. Among 60 cases of living-donor LT at our institute, 68% of the patients had none to mild RI (non-RI group) and 32% of the patients had moderate to severe RI (RI group). The RI group received a CSR comprising reduced dose of tacrolimus, methylprednisolone, and mycophenolate mofetil, while the non-RI group received a regimen comprising conventional dose of tacrolimus and methylprednisolone. One year after LT, the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the RI group had significantly improved, although it was still lower than that of the non-RI group. Serial mixed lymphocyte reaction assays revealed that antidonor T-cell responses were adequately suppressed in both groups. Thus, we provide evidence that CSR leads to improvement of eGFR after LT in patients with RI, while maintaining an appropriate immunosuppressive state

Efficiency of reactive phosphate rock applied in mixtures with triple superphosphate in maize and soybean

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do modo de aplicação do superfosfato triplo (SFT), do fosfato natural reativo de Gafsa e da mistura entre essas fontes no aproveitamento do fósforo (P) por plantas de milho e de soja. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação, e as plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. As fontes fosfatadas foram aplicadas isoladamente ou em misturas (proporção 1:1), à dose de 90 mg kg-1 de P, de modo não localizado ou localizado no solo. Para a quantificação do P absorvido pelas plantas das diferentes fontes, empregaram-se tratamentos com o solo e com o SFT marcados com 32P. O aproveitamento do fósforo do superfosfato triplo aplicado de forma localizada (9,8%) foi superior ao da não localizada (7%). A aplicação não localizada do fosfato natural reativo proporcionou maior aproveitamento do fósforo (3,8%), em comparação à localizada (0,5%). Em comparação à aplicação isolada do fosfato de Gafsa, o aproveitamento do fósforo pelas plantas de milho e soja aumentou quando essa fonte foi aplicada como mistura compactada; em presença do superfosfato triplo, a aplicação do fosfato natural reativo de Gafsa de modo não localizado proporcionou maior aproveitamento do P pelas plantas de soja. O aproveitamento do fósforo do fosfato natural de Gafsa aumenta quando aplicado ao solo com o superfosfato triplo, e esse efeito depende do método de aplicação das fontes fosfatadas.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of methods of applying triple superphosphate (TSP), Gafsa reactive phosphate rock and mixtures between these sources on phosphorus (P) utilization by maize and soybean plants. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, and the plants were grown in pots containing Typic Haplustox soil. The phosphorus sources were applied isolatedly or mixed (1:1 ratio) in a P rate of 90 mg kg-1, in a non-localized or in a localized manner in the soil. To quantify plant-absorbed phosphorus from the different sources, treatments with soil and TSP labeled with 32P were used. Phosphorus utilization from triple superphosphate applied locally was superior (9.8%) to the P utilization of this source applied non locally to the soil (7%). Inversely, better results with Gafsa phosphate rock occurred with P applied non locally to soil (3.8%), compared to the values obtained when the fertilizer was applied locally (0.5%). The phosphorus utilization from the Gafsa phosphate rock by maize and soybean plants increased when it was applied as compacted triple superphosphate and Gafsa phosphate rock mixture. In the presence of triple superphosphate, the soil-incorporated application of Gafsa phosphate rock led to greater utilization of phosphorus by soybean plants. The utilization of Gafsa phosphate rock phosphorus increases when it is applied together with triple superphosphate; and this effect depends on the methods of application of these phosphate sources

Phosphorus utilization by corn as affected by green manure, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização, pela planta de milho, do P proveniente de superfosfato triplo marcado com 32P (32P‑SFT), e do P proveniente do solo influenciado por doses de N e pelos adubos verdes (AV) crotalária (Crotalaria juncea) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum). O experimento foi realizado em vasos com 5 kg de Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4x4x2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: quatro doses de P, na forma de SFT (0, 0,175, 0,350 e 0,700 g de P por vaso); quatro doses de N, na forma de ureia (0, 0,75, 1,50 e 2,25 g de N por vaso); e crotalária ou milheto, como adubo verde. Foram levadas em consideração as adições de P e N pelos AV. Após a maturação fisiológica dos grãos, foram avaliados: a produção de matéria seca de milho, o teor de P, o P acumulado e o aproveitamento de P nos diferentes tratamentos. O aproveitamento do 32P‑SFT pelo milho aumentou com o incremento da dose de N e diminuiu com o aumento da dose de 32P‑SFT. O fertilizante mineral fornece a maior parte do P acumulado nas plantas de milho. O aproveitamento do 32P‑SFT pelo milho foi de 13,12%, em média. A espécie de adubo verde influencia a assimilação de 32P‑SFT pelas plantas.  The objective of this work was to evaluate the utilization by corn plants of P from triple superphosphate fertilizer labeled with 32P (32P‑TSP), and of P from soil as affected by N rates and by the green manures (GM) sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and millet (Pennisetum glaucum). The experiment was carried out using pots filled with 5 kg Oxisol (Rhodic Hapludox). A completely randomized design was used, in a 4x4x2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. The treatments were: four P rates as TSP (0, 0.175, 0.350, and 0.700 g P per pot); four N rates as urea (0, 0.75, 1.50, and 2.25 g N per pot); and sunn hemp or millet as green manure. The additions of N and P by the GM were taken into account. After grain physiologic maturation, corn dry matter, P contents, accumulated P, and P recovery in the different treatments were measured. 32P‑TSP recovery by corn increased with N increasing rates, and decreased with increasing rates of 32P‑TSP. The mineral fertilizer provides most of the accumulated P by corn plants. The recovery of 32P‑TSP by corn was 13.12% in average. The green manure species influence the assimilation of 32P‑TSP by the plants