Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals

Background Working long hours might have adverse health effects, but whether this is true for all socioeconomic status groups is unclear. In this meta-analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, we investigated the role of long working hours as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Methods We identified four published studies through a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to April 30, 2014. Study inclusion criteria were English-language publication; prospective design (cohort study); investigation of the effect of working hours or overtime work; incident diabetes as an outcome; and relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, or sufficient information to calculate these estimates. Additionally, we used unpublished individual-level data from 19 cohort studies from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working-Populations Consortium and international open-access data archives. Effect estimates from published and unpublished data from 222 120 men and women from the USA, Europe, Japan, and Australia were pooled with random-effects meta-analysis. Findings During 1·7 million person-years at risk, 4963 individuals developed diabetes (incidence 29 per 10 000 personyears). The minimally adjusted summary risk ratio for long (≥55 h per week) compared with standard working hours (35–40 h) was 1·07 (95% CI 0·89–1·27, difference in incidence three cases per 10 000 person-years) with signifi cant heterogeneity in study-specific estimates (I²=53%, p=0·0016). In an analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, the association between long working hours and diabetes was evident in the low socioeconomic status group (risk ratio 1·29, 95% CI 1·06–1·57, diff erence in incidence 13 per 10 000 person-years, I²=0%, p=0·4662), but was null in the high socioeconomic status group (1·00, 95% CI 0·80–1·25, incidence diff erence zero per 10 000 person-years, I²=15%, p=0·2464). The association in the low socioeconomic status group was robust to adjustment for age, sex, obesity, and physical activity, and remained after exclusion of shift workers. Interpretation In this meta-analysis, the link between longer working hours and type 2 diabetes was apparent only in individuals in the low socioeconomic status groups

Peran Perguruan Tinggi Mewujudkan Dinamika Kedamaian dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat

In any civilization, peacefulness or non-violence culture could be the ultimate end of human life. It contains human right principles to be achieved by community, civics, and nation. Albeit, in reality, the situation achieved is diametrically in the opposite to what expected where competition, contravention and social conflict arises very sharply unless a constructive conflict management is applied. The potentiality of social conflict to occur may be reduced to a tolerable rate when constructive dialogues can be built. The dialogues should be able to facilitate the development of convergence communication and the actualization of equality principles. Higher education processes will be one the most important institutions that could bring the actualization of the principles of peacefulness into reality. This could be true when education could assure the effectiveness of value transformation processes throughout generations. The role of high education institutions to make non-violence culture to become apparent is essential. The dynamic life in a peaceful culture can only be realized when a situation of welfare, equality and well expression of communication behavior are well maintained in the community life

Gendered effects of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) occurrence and control in a pastoral community in Ijara sub county, northeastern Kenya

a<p>Regression coefficient reported and p-value in parentheses,</p>b<p>SE in parentheses.</p

Long working hours as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation: A multi-cohort study

Aims Studies suggest that people who work long hours are at increased risk of stroke, but the association of long working hours with atrial fibrillation, the most common cardiac arrhythmia and a risk factor for stroke, is unknown. We examined the risk of atrial fibrillation in individuals working long hours (>55 per week) and those working standard 35-40 hours per week. Methods In this prospective multi-cohort study from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in and results Working Populations (IPD-Work) Consortium, the study population was 85,494 working men and women (mean age 43.4 years) with no recorded atrial fibrillation. Working hours were assessed at study baseline (1991-2004). Mean follow-up for incident atrial fibrillation was 10 years and cases were defined using data on electrocardiograms, hospital records, drug reimbursement registers, and death certificates. We identified 1061 new cases of atrial fibrillation (10-year cumulative incidence 12.4 per 1000). After adjustment for age, sex and socioeconomic status, individuals working long hours had a 1.4-fold increased risk of atrial fibrillation compared to those working standard hours (hazard ratio=1.42, 95%CI=1.13-1.80, P=0.003). There was no significant heterogeneity between the cohortspecific effect estimates (I2=0%, P=0.66) and the finding remained after excluding participants with coronary heart disease or stroke at baseline or during the follow-up (N=2006, hazard ratio=1.36, 95%CI=1.05-1.76, P=0. 0180). Adjustment for potential confounding factors, such as obesity, risky alcohol use and high blood pressure, had little impact on this association. Conclusion Individuals who worked long hours were more likely to develop atrial fibrillation than those working standard hours

Cross Tabulation of Self-reported and Perceived Body Weight Status among Korean Adolescents aged 12–18 years old^a,^b.

<p>Cross Tabulation of Self-reported and Perceived Body Weight Status among Korean Adolescents aged 12–18 years old<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154826#t001fn002" target="_blank">^a</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154826#t001fn003" target="_blank">^b</a>.</p

Sex-Stratified Distribution of Each Weight Status Estimation Pattern Across Levels of Individual, Family, and School-Level Characteristics Among the Study Population (N = 72,228)^{^a,^b}.

<p>Sex-Stratified Distribution of Each Weight Status Estimation Pattern Across Levels of Individual, Family, and School-Level Characteristics Among the Study Population (N = 72,228)^{^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154826#t003fn001" target="_blank">a</a>},^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154826#t003fn002" target="_blank">b</a>}}.</p

Sex-stratified Multilevel Random Intercept Multinomial Logistic Regression Models for Weight Status Misperception Patterns Among Korean Adolescents Aged 12–18 (N = 72,228)^a.

<p>Sex-stratified Multilevel Random Intercept Multinomial Logistic Regression Models for Weight Status Misperception Patterns Among Korean Adolescents Aged 12–18 (N = 72,228)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154826#t004fn002" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Odds ratio of maternal perception of social capital and social network indicators for offspring's suspected ASD.

<p>Odds ratio of maternal perception of social capital and social network indicators for offspring's suspected ASD.</p

Characteristics of sample (N = 6061).

<p>Characteristics of sample (N = 6061).</p

Descriptive Statistics among Girls and Boys aged 12–18 in the Study Population (N = 72,228)^a.

<p>Descriptive Statistics among Girls and Boys aged 12–18 in the Study Population (N = 72,228)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154826#t002fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p