The Impact of Spatial Segregation on the Employment Outcomes Amongst Bangladeshis Men and Women in England and Wales

Studies of ethnic residential segregation and its impacts on labour market performance have reported both negative and positive outcomes for different groups in different geographies. We revisit the issue with a particular focus on the Bangladeshi minority in England and Wales using both quantitative and qualitative data to explore the impact of living in segregated areas upon their labour market outcomes. We analyse the 2001 UK Census Controlled Access Microdata Sample (CAMS) and a subset (34 Bangladeshis) of qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with 73 men and women from Indian, Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean backgrounds in 2005. Our quantitative analysis does show a clear negative impact of living in segregated areas (i.e. Bangladeshi ethnic enclaves) on unemployment, economic inactivity and on the occupational returns on education. Qualitative material suggests that cultural and practical reasons very often lead Bangladeshis, including highly qualified persons, to live in enclaves or nearby. Also, ethnic businesses in enclaves appear to offer jobs to many Bangladeshi men and women, but these jobs are normally low-paid that does not require high qualifications increasing the risk of lower occupational returns further.Ethnicity, Residential Segregation, Bangladeshis in UK, Enclave Economy, Multilevel Analysis, England, Employment Outcomes

BOOK REVIEWS

Families Caring Across Borders, Migration, Ageing and TransnationalCaregiving by Baldassar, Loretta; Baldock Vellekoop Cora and Wilding Raelene, (2007) Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 259 pp.Contemporary Polish Migration in Europe, Complex Patterns of Movement and Settlement Edited by Anna Triandafyllidou, (2006) The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York, 319 pp.Turkey’s Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Ataturk’s Vision Arnold Reisman (2006) New Academia Publishing, LLC.Innovative Concepts for Alternative Migration Policies: Ten Innovative Approaches to the Challenges of Migration in the 21st Century Edited by Michael Jandl, (2007) IMISCOE Reports, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 153 pp.The Europeanization of National Policies and Politics of Immigrationbetween Autonomy and the European Union edited by Thomas Faist and Andreas Ette (eds.) (2007), Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 270 pp.Immigration Under New Labour by Will Somerville (2007), the PolicyPress, Bristol, 232 pp.Families ; Polish migration ; Turkey's Modernisation ; Migration Policy ; Innovative concepts ; Europeanisation of migration policies ; Immigration ; New Labour

Economic activity in the South Asian Population in Britain: the impact of ethnicity, religion and class

International audienceThis paper expands the existing literature on ethnicity and economic activity in Britain by studying the impact of religion and class. It argues that while the class location of the different South Asian groups is important in determining their labour market outcomes, it does not operate independently from ethnicity; rather it is highly influenced by ethnicity in the process of determining the labour market participation of these groups. We use data obtained from the 2001 UK Census on Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men and women aged 20-29. Our findings confirm that class structure of the South-Asian groups is highly ethnicised, in that the ethno-religious background and class are interwoven to the extent that the separation between them is not easy, if not impossible

Barriers for highly qualified A8 immigrants in the UK labour market

The number of migrants arriving in the UK from the EU accession countries has been higher than projected. The evidence indicates that they have been over-represented in low-paid and low-skilled jobs. This is arguably transitory and there should be good prospects of upward mobility. Over-qualification among A8 migrants, measured using the Annual Population Survey data, is examined in this article. The findings show that A8 migrants have been subject to migration penalties at the high end of the UK labour market. There are persistent labour market disadvantages for A8 migrants in the UK and their over-qualification may be a long-term concern

Revisiting the Turkish migration to Germany after forty years

Turkish migration to European countries can be considered as the second phase of Republican Turkey’s migration history. It mobilised very large numbers of people since in-migrations of the period following the First World War (1914–18) and the War of Independence (1919–22). Germany, obviously, has a significant role within this migration regime of the last forty years (1961–2001). Since the bilateral agreement allowing hundreds of thousands of Turkish labourers’ entry into Germany were signed with this country in 1961. Thus the beginning of the European Turks was marked. Today, migration from Turkey to Europe, especially to Germany, constituted the largest non-EU immigrant minority in Western Europe during the second half of the century. This study provides a reassessment of Turkish migration to Germany with a particular focus on the context and composition based on immigrant narratives. Ethnic and political aspects including the terror of the clashes in South East Turkey during the last two decades of the last century, and the coincidence with the rise of the fortress Europe policies are addressed. Mining the narratives of Turkish immigrants in Germany, this study reveals some unresearched motivations of Turkish migratory regime

Europe's Crisis: Turkey's Refugees and Refugees from Turkey

Ibrahim Sirkeci is Ria Professor of Transnational Studies and Marketing and director of the Center for Transnational Studies at Regent's University London. He received his Ph.D. in geography in 2003 from the University of Sheffield. He is also a graduate of Bilkent University. Before joining Regent's University in 2005, he worked at the University of Bristol. Sirkeci is known for his extensive work on insecurity and human mobility as well as his conceptual work on culture of migration and conflict model. He has also coined the term "transnational mobile consumers" as he examined connected consumers and the role of mobility in consumer behavior within a transnational marketing context. His recent research on remittances has been sponsored by Ria Money Transfer while previously he had secured external research funding from organizations including the World Bank, EU, British Academy, and High Education Academy. Sirkeci is also the editor of several journals including Migration Letters, Transnational Marketing Journal and Remittances Review. His recent books include Turkish Migration Policy (2016), Conflict, Security and Mobility (2016), Transnational Marketing and Transnational Consumers (2013), Migration and Remittances during the Global Financial Crisis and Beyond (2012), and Cultures of Migration (2011). He is a frequent speaker on migration, conflict, and integration and delivered about 200 speeches at international events. Sirkeci's lecture is part of the Refugee and Immigrants: Comparative Perspectives Lecture Series funded by the Office of International Affairs.The European Union has faced one of its biggest existential crises with the rise of population flows through its Eastern and Southern neighbours as well as movements within the Union. In 2016, the Brexit referendum and debates surrounding in the UK were largely focused on restricting EU immigration to the UK whereas eastern and central European members were raising concerns and objecting the refugee quota systems and burden sharing. Turkey emerged as a “gate keeper” in this crisis and have been in the centre of debates because of large Syrian refugee populations in the country and billions of Euros it was promised to keep them there. The Syrian conflict produced over 4.8 million refugees and over 2.7 million are based in Turkey. Turkey with its generous support for Syrian refugees is confirmed as a “country of security”. This shadows the darker side of affairs as the same country also produced millions of asylum seekers since the 1980 and the current circumstances and fresh evidence indicates that there will be more refugees coming through and from Turkey. The failed coup in July 2016 and the drastic measures put in place since then are cause for concern for many.Department of AnthropologyInstitute for Population ResearchEvent web pag

Migration, ethnicity and conflict : the environment of insecurity and Turkish Kurdish international migration

This thesis examines the motivations, mechanisms and prospects of Turkish Kurdish international migration in relation to the Environment of Insecurity as a set of combined socio-economic and political factors triggered by an ethnic conflict. The analysis focuses on three different, but complementary, levels of analysis. The research comprises first, the analysis of the environment of insecurity in Turkey emphasising its broader socio-economic, legal-political, and demographic aspects; second, the patterns and processes of international migration involving Turkish Kurds investigating the motivations, the mechanisms, and the future migration potentials; third, the role of the expression of ethnicity and of ethnic conflict. A mixed method approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods to address different levels of analysis and different aspects of migration is adopted. The analysis of Turkish Demographic Health Survey data examines the extent to which an environment of insecurity exists for Turkish Kurds. The findings of the Turkish International Migration Survey data outline the patterns of individual migration motives, mechanisms and future intentions. Finally, semi-structured in-depth interviews examine the role of the ethnic conflict and the expression of ethnicity to clarify the relationship between Turkish Kurdish international migration and the ethnic environment of insecurity while also presenting a live account of migration motivations and mechanisms. The research shows that the environment of insecurity is an issue of ethnic conflict and it constitutes the major facilitating factor in Turkish Kurdish international migration resulting in large asylum migration flows. Due to the armed ethnic conflict between the PKK and the Turkish Army in Turkey during the last two decades of the last century, recent migration patterns of Turkish Kurds are dominated by clandestine migration. Along with legal migrations (e.g. economic, family, education), irregular migration appears as a strong trend involving asylum migration and illegal migration. Tightening immigration controls in Europe also prompts this. The conflict situation also serves as an opportunity framework for some who wanted to migrate. While migration is appearing as a liberating event for Turkish Kurdish ethnicity it is found that Kurdish immigrants have not fully exploited the opportunities for exercising their ethnicity. However, for many, migration from Turkey to Germany is an act of escape and so is an expression of ethnicity

Editorial: Kurdish Studies in seven volumes

In this issue, we bring you four fresh pieces of research. The first article by Kaveh Ghobadi reflects on the development of Kurdish prose fiction between 1961 and 2002. The second article by Michiel Leezenberg bridges fiction with nationhood and politics. Bajalan’s article focuses on the period between 1878 and 1913 in search of understanding the complexities of identity politics in the late Ottoman period. Bajalan examines the attitudes and views of Kurdish activists of the period on the retreat of Ottomans from the Balkan Peninsula. The final article is by one of the Journal’s founding editors, Joost Jongerden. Joost is the leading scholar for the history and analysis of the PKK. He does not only bring an intriquing analysis of the PKK’s evolution discussed around the concept of learning from defeat