Performance evaluation of dynamic source routing protocol with variation in transmission power and speed

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a set of mobile wireless nodes (devices) which is not rely on a fixed infrastructure. In MANETs, each device is responsible for routing its data according to a specific routing protocol. The three most common MANET routing protocols are: dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR), and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). This paper proposes an efficient evaluation of DSR protocol by testing the MANETs routing protocol with variation in transmission power at different speeds. The performance analysis has been given using optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) modeler simulations and evaluated using metrics of average end to end delay and throughput. The results show that the throughput increases as the transmission power increases up to a certain value after which the throughput decreases, also the network work optimally at a certain transmission power which varied at different speed

Frustration of performance of contracts: a comparative and analytic study in Islamic law and English law

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel UniversityThis thesis is an assessment of the position of Islamic law and English law regarding the doctrine of the frustration of the contract. The thesis gave in the first general view about Islamic law and Saudi legal system, also about the contract in Islamic law in general. This study provides a detailed and critical account of the principles of frustration of contract law which operate under Islamic law and English law, where appropriate, identifies and critically evaluates the differences between the principles of frustration of contract which operate respectively under Islamic law and English law and to recognize the effect of the frustration on the performance of the contract. In the case of the absence of theory of frustration of contract in Islamic Law, an attempt will be made to create a complete doctrine of frustration of contract. Researcher discussed the frustration of contract in Islamic Law. In the case of the absence of theory of frustration of contract in Islamic Law, an attempt will be made to create a complete theory of frustration of contract in Islamic law. This is recognised owing to the fact that most cases of the application of frustration fall under the doctrine of impossibility. Impossibility can be regarded as taking place ‘when there supervening events without default of either party and for which the contract makes no sufficient provision which so significant changes the nature, if the cases where impossibility relates to the subject-matter of contracts or relates to the parties, subjective or objective impossibility. This study discusses the issue of Frustration of contract due to external factors covering cases of legal impossibility. This study examines the discharge of contract if there is circumstances do not make the performance impossibility but became difficult to perform such as impracticability and frustration of purpose. It will also look in some detail at the limitations and narrow scope of the doctrine of frustration, and also discuss contractual parties’ sometimes preferred alternatives, such as drafting force majeure clauses and hardship clauses

Baghdad Subgrade Resilient Modulus and liquefaction Evaluation for Pavement Design using Load Cyclic Triaxial Strength

Pavements fail for different reasons; poor design, poor materials and poor construction methods are the most common. The pavement foundation (subgrade) represents one of the key elements in the pavement design. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation officials (AASHTO) published the AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures (AASHTO, 1986) in which the use of Resilient Modulus (Mr) was adopted as the principal soil property contributing to the design of flexible pavements. It can consider that resilient modulus (Mr) is a key value in pavement design. The present study uses the standard laboratory test for load cyclic Triaxial strength to evaluate the resilient modulus and liquefaction condition of some Baghdad soils ,as well as using the neural network approach to develop a model that can be used to predict resilient modulus values for Baghdad soils . The model uses the results of routine laboratory tests like specific gravity, water content, Atterberg limits, soil classification and unconfined compressive strength to predict Mr. It is well-known that the Performance of resilient modulus tests are difficult, expensive and time consuming and hence there has been an interest in adopting the Ohio State University  mathematical model (OSU Model) introduced by Kim 2004 and confirmed by Rodgers 2006 that satisfactorily predicts resilient modulus values without the necessity of a laboratory test. It is very important for a mathematical model to accommodate new data as it becomes available. It is concluded that soil brought from Baghdad City exhibited the resilient modulus (Mr) of pavement subgrade soils which has been adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) for the purpose of designing flexible roadway pavement systems, values ranging from 40 MPa to about 100MPa. Based on ASTM subgrade resilient modulus criterion, the A-7-5 and A-6 untreated subgrade soil would be classified as fair to poor (unacceptable as a competent subgrade). To prove the capability of the network, Mr predicted values for Baghdad soil were compared with its corresponding Mr measured. It is concluded that Baghdad soils need to be provided with new network and model with some modification needed to be done on the OSU models to provide a good estimation of Mr for the Baghdad soils. The results of cyclic load test carried out in laboratory to conduct Liquefaction indicate that for a given initial water content and specific dry density with initial effective stress, it is concluded that generally all samples didn’t exhibit significant gain in liquefaction condition and didn’t show conflict values due to the reduction in the rate of pore water pressure generation and shear strain of all samples subjected to cyclic loading. they shows withstanding against liquefaction by reaching high value of Normalized principal Stress when reaching to critical built up of Pore water pressure which lead to the fact that a liquefied condition could not possibly develop in those soils. Keywords: Resilient Modulus, C.B.R, Subgrade Compaction, Pavement Desig

A Genetic Algorithm Based Approach for Solving the Minimum Dominating Set of Queens Problem

In the field of computing, combinatorics, and related areas, researchers have formulated several techniques for the Minimum Dominating Set of Queens Problem (MDSQP) pertaining to the typical chessboard based puzzles. However, literature shows that limited research has been carried out to solve theMDSQP using bioinspired algorithms. To fill this gap, this paper proposes a simple and effective solution based on genetic algorithms to solve this classical problem. We report results which demonstrate that near optimal solutions have been determined by the GA for different board sizes ranging from 8 × 8 to 11 × 11

Ecological and Behavioural Studies on Harpacticoid Copepoda in the Intertidal Zone at Ardmore Point, Clyde Estuary, with Some Observations on the Anatomy of Tachidius discipes

The present work was carried out between 1985 and 1990, mainly on harpacticoid copepods collected from Ardmore Bay, Clyde Estuary, Scotland. The purpose of this work was to determine the annual cycle of population density of sediment dwelling harpacticoids in the intertidal zone in Ardmore Bay, to compare in detail the summer and winter population densities of harpacticoid and nematode populations in the intertidal zone and to relate these to particle size parameters, and to conduct behavioural studies on sedimentary harpacticoid copepods collected from the intertidal zone at Ardmore. Some preliminary taxonomic work is also described on the external anatomy of Calanus finmarchicus. a taxonomic description is given of the intertidal sand- dwelling harpacticoid, Tachidius discipes. and the anatomy of the two species is compared. Scanning electron microscopy showed differences between the two species Calanus finmarchicus and Tachidius discipes. The body of Calanus finmarchicus is smooth, the abdomen is much narrower than the thorax, the first antenna is as long as the body length, and few hairs are present on the external side of the exopodites and endopodites of the legs. The body of Tachidius discipes is broadly elongated, having 9 segments. The abdomen is thinner than the thorax, and long setae are carried by the caudal rami. The thoracic segments have hairs along their posterior margins which may keep the joints between the segments clean and also aid in movement through the sediment. The five pairs of legs have spines and setae which are likely to be important in moving between sediment grains. The setae at the distal end of the legs are also likely to be important in swimming when the adults emerge from sediments. In contrast, Calanus finmarchicus. which is entirely pelagic, is smoother and has no spines but many setae on its legs, which are clearly an adaptation for swimming. The annual survey of harpacticoids at Ardmore Bay showed that at low and mid tide population densities were low in winter and high in summer. At high tide there was a peak in autumn (October) and spring (February). Copepodites were abundant throughout the year at low tide, but at mid tide peaked in winter (December, January). Virtually no copepoditcs were found at high tide. The high tide population may therefore be replenished from the low and mid tide regions. During the survey, adults and copepodites were found to be most abundant in the top 2 cm of sediment. Detailed comparisons of harpacticoids, nematodes and particle size in summer and winter were conducted at five stations on a transect from high tide to low tide at Ardmore Bay and showed that the summer population of harpacticoids and nematodes was much higher than winter population at all five stations. Nematodes were more abundant at deeper depths in the sediment in winter than summer, suggesting a downward migration to avoid cold winter temperatures. In contrast to harpacticoids, nematodes although more abundant near the sediment surface occurred to a depth of at least 14 cm. The high tide stations tended to have finer sediments with larger standard deviations (less well sorted), and lower kurtoses (less peaked). There were fewer differences in particle size parameters vertically into the sediment, and more between summer (July) and winter (January). Harpacticoids were restricted to sediments having a narrower range of mean particle size than were nematodes. Harpacticoids and nematodes were most abundant in sediments having intermediate standard deviations and a high negative skewness. The behaviour experiments showed that harpacticoid copepods migrate out of sediments into the overlying water in the dark. This is considered to be an important dispersal mechanism. Vertical migration out of the sediments is inhibited by light, by high and low temperatures (2

Measurement of uric acid, urea and creatinine in plasma of hypertensive patients in Khartoum Sudan

This study is descriptive analytical cross sectional study, aimed to measure plasma uric acid, urea and creatinine levels in Sudanese hypertensive patients. Blood samples were collected from sixty patients with hypertension (study group) and twenty five samples from healthy, normotensive subjects (control group) from ribat university Hospital during the period from December 2017 to January 2018.Plasma levels of uric acid, urea and creatinine were measured in each group. Results showed that in hypertensive patients, the plasma uric acid mean level was (8.5_+1.6 mg/dl), urea mean level was (40 _+13.4mg/dl) and for creatinine (1.14_+0.28mg/dl) were significantly higher than normotensive. (P.value< 0.03), (p.value< 0.001) and (p.value<0.05) respectively. The study illustrated a moderately weak positive correlation between uric acid and systolic and diastolic measurements of hypertension patient to. (r=0.58, p.value 0.000). Renal function and uric acid should regularly measuredIn hypertensive patients especially in those with prolonged period of the diseas

Fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete containing of cement kiln dust

There are many wastes form the cement industry among them cement kiln dust (CKD). This residue is obtained after the process of burning the raw materials of cement in the rotary kiln where it is suctioned by fans during the clinker exit of the rotary kiln. Cement dust is a major environmental and economic problem in terms of high quality air pollution ranging from (20-100) microns and the proportions of chlorides, sulphates, alkali and lime living in a way that threatens the general health of human, as well as water pollution if the waste is discharged by rivers and waterways. This investigation’s main objective is to present the potential of using CKD as a cement replacement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Eight mixes incorporating CKD with partial cement replacement of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 75% in addition to control mix were investigated. The properties of all mixture were determined. Based on the experimental program results, it was found that SCC mixture incorporating 5% to 10% of CKD was almost similar to that of control mixture. The workability of SCC concrete decreased as CKD replacement increased. This established benefits of substituting cement by CKD to make SCC

Design and Performance Analysis of Next Generation Heterogeneous Cellular Networks for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of inter-connected computing devices, objects and mechanical and digital machines, and the communications between these devices/objects and other Internet-enabled systems. Scalable, reliable, and energy-efficient IoT connectivity will bring huge benefits to the society, especially in transportation, connected self-driving vehicles, healthcare, education, smart cities, and smart industries. The objective of this dissertation is to model and analyze the performance of large-scale heterogeneous two-tier IoT cellular networks, and offer design insights to maximize their performance. Using stochastic geometry, we develop realistic yet tractable models to study the performance of such networks. In particular, we propose solutions to the following research problems: -We propose a novel analytical model to estimate the mean uplink device data rate utility function under both spectrum allocation schemes, full spectrum reuse (FSR) and orthogonal spectrum partition (OSP), for uplink two-hop IoT networks. We develop constraint gradient ascent optimization algorithms to obtain the optimal aggregator association bias (for the FSR scheme) and the optimal joint spectrum partition ratio and optimal aggregator association bias (for the OSP scheme). -We study the performance of two-tier IoT cellular networks in which one tier operates in the traditional sub-6GHz spectrum and the other, in the millimeter wave (mm-wave) spectrum. In particular, we characterize the meta distributions of the downlink signal-to-interference ratio (sub-6GHz spectrum), the signal-to-noise ratio (mm-wave spectrum) and the data rate of a typical device in such a hybrid spectrum network. Finally, we characterize the meta distributions of the SIR/SNR and data rate of a typical device by substituting the cumulative moment of the CSP of a user device into the Gil-Pelaez inversion theorem. -We propose to split the control plane (C-plane) and user plane (U-plane) as a potential solution to harvest densification gain in heterogeneous two-tier networks while minimizing the handover rate and network control overhead. We develop a tractable mobility-aware model for a two-tier downlink cellular network with high density small cells and a C-plane/U-plane split architecture. The developed model is then used to quantify effect of mobility on the foreseen densification gain with and without C-plane/U-plane splitting

Detection of Bacteroides fragilis LuxR gene, involved in quorum sensing, among colitis patients in Mosul, Iraq

Bacteroides fragilis is the most anaerobic bacteria that infect humans, particularly in the abdominal cavity. Its pathogenesis is linked to numerous virulence factors. Understanding these factors and exploring alternative options for the use of antibiotics in the treatment of this bacterium, molecular techniques offer several advantages over traditional culture techniques because they are easier and more specific. The present study aimed to  use specific primers for the 16sRNA and LuxR genes to identify B. fragilis. Genetic identification of the B. fragilis isolates was performed using the 16SrRNA gene, and the obtained sequences were submitted to National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with accession numbers (OQ448827, OQ448828). Each strain was assigned a unique strain name, AS. AWB94 and AS. AWB79. From the total of all samples, it was found that the growth of various types of bacteria constituted ( 76%), and the samples that did not have growth formed (24%). It was noted that Bacteroidetes constituted only two isolates (2.7%), and these two isolates possessed the gene for quorum sensing (luxR gene), while the results confirmed that they do not possess the sialidase (nanH) enzyme gene. Both isolates possessed the quorum sensing gene (LuxR) out of one hundred samples. This suggests that the isolates have a quorum-sensing mechanism responsible for cell-to-cell communication, multidrug resistance, and biofilm formation.