Integrated Vehicle Accident Detection and Location System

Many accident victim lives could have been saved if vehicle accident information could be intimated to an evergencey rescue center automatically. This paper proposes an accident detection and location system by determining the deceleration and data fusion from accelerometers and GPS. The bias, drift and noise errors of accelerometers and GPS outage limitation are overcome by integrating with Kalman filter. The test result shows the correct deceleration for accident detection and location. The proposed system will be able to overcome the limitations of GPS/IMU and save valuable human lives

Hardware prototyping of an efficient encryption engine

An approach to develop the FPGA of a flexible key RSA encryption engine that can be used as a standard device in the secured communication system is presented. The VHDL modeling of this RSA encryption engine has the unique characteristics of supporting multiple key sizes, thus can easily be fit into the systems that require different levels of security. A simple nested loop addition and subtraction have been used in order to implement the RSA operation. This has made the processing time faster and used comparatively smaller amount of space in the FPGA. The hardware design is targeted on Altera STRATIX II device and determined that the flexible key RSA encryption engine can be best suited in the device named EP2S30F484C3. The RSA encryption implementation has made use of 13,779 units of logic elements and achieved a clock frequency of 17.77MHz. It has been verified that this RSA encryption engine can perform 32-bit, 256-bit and 1024-bit encryption operation in less than 41.585us, 531.515us and 790.61us respectively

FPGA implementation of RSA encryption engine with flexible key size

An approach to develop the FPGA of a flexible key RSA encryption engine that can be used as a standard device in the secured communication system is presented. The VHDL modeling of this RSA encryption engine has the unique characteristics of supporting multiple key sizes, thus can easily be fit into the systems that require different levels of security. A simple nested loop addition and subtraction have been used in order to implement the RSA operation. This has made the processing time faster and used comparatively smaller amount of space in the FPGA. The hardware design is targeted on Altera STRATIX II device and determined that the flexible key RSA encryption engine can be best suited in the device named EP2S30F484C3. The RSA encryption implementation has made use of 13,779 units of logic elements and achieved a clock frequency of 17.77MHz. It has been verified that this RSA encryption engine can perform 32-bit, 256-bit and 1024-bit encryption operation in less than 41.585us, 531.515us and 790.61us respectively

Real-time cheat-free gaming on the basis of time-stamp service

A cheat-proof protocol for real-time gaming is proposed under the assumption that time-stamp servers issue serially numbered time stamps honestly and are available near every player, i.e., they exist everywhere in the Internet. With this protocol, each player sends its action to the other player and also sends its hash to the nearest time-stamp server. The time-stamp server sends the signed hash with the time and a serial number back to the player. The actions are checked to verify that they are compatible with the hashes, and the signed hashes are checked to verify that they have the correct time and the serial numbers are contiguous. The only latency in this protocol is the travel time of the packet from one player to another. In comparison with other existing protocols, we confirm that the proposed protocol is as fast as and more secure than the fair synchronization protocol, the fastest existing protoco

EEG signal analysis and characterization for the aid of disabled people

The effectiveness of assistive devices for disabled people is often limited by the human machine interface. This research proposes an intelligent wheelchair system especially for severely disabled people based on analysing electroencephalographic signals by using discrete wavelet transform and higher order statistical methods. The system to be implemented in Field Programmable Gate Array enables an accurate and efficient system of processing signals to control the wheelchair, which makes an attractive option in the hardware realization

Design architectures of the CMOS power amplifier for 2.4 GHz ISM band applications: An overview

Power amplifiers (PAs) are among the most crucial functional blocks in the radio frequency (RF) frontend for reliable wireless communication. PAs amplify and boost the input signal to the required output power. The signal is amplified to make it sufficiently high for the transmitter to propagate the required distance to the receiver. Attempted advancements of PA have focused on attaining high-performance RF signals for transmitters. Such PAs are expected to require low power consumption while producing a relatively high output power with a high efficiency. However, current PA designs in nanometer and micrometer complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology present inevitable drawbacks, such as oxide breakdown and hot electron effect. A well-defined architecture, including a linear and simple functional block synthesis, is critical in designing CMOS PA for various applications. This article describes the different state-of-the art design architectures of CMOS PA, including their circuit operations, and analyzes the performance of PAs for 2.4 GHz ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band applications

Estimating Blood Pressure from Photoplethysmogram Signal and Demographic Features using Machine Learning Techniques

Hypertension is a potentially unsafe health ailment, which can be indicated directly from the Blood pressure (BP). Hypertension always leads to other health complications. Continuous monitoring of BP is very important; however, cuff-based BP measurements are discrete and uncomfortable to the user. To address this need, a cuff-less, continuous and a non-invasive BP measurement system is proposed using Photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal and demographic features using machine learning (ML) algorithms. PPG signals were acquired from 219 subjects, which undergo pre-processing and feature extraction steps. Time, frequency and time-frequency domain features were extracted from the PPG and their derivative signals. Feature selection techniques were used to reduce the computational complexity and to decrease the chance of over-fitting the ML algorithms. The features were then used to train and evaluate ML algorithms. The best regression models were selected for Systolic BP (SBP) and Diastolic BP (DBP) estimation individually. Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) along with ReliefF feature selection algorithm outperforms other algorithms in estimating SBP and DBP with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 6.74 and 3.59 respectively. This ML model can be implemented in hardware systems to continuously monitor BP and avoid any critical health conditions due to sudden changes.Comment: Accepted for publication in Sensor, 14 Figures, 14 Table

Digital controlled oscillator (DCO) for all digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) – a review

Digital controlled oscillator (DCO) is becoming an attractive replacement over the voltage control oscillator (VCO) with the advances of digital intensive research on all-digital phase locked-loop (ADPLL) in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process technology. This paper presents a review of various CMOS DCO schemes implemented in ADPLL and relationship between the DCO parameters with ADPLL performance. The DCO architecture evaluated through its power consumption, speed, chip area, frequency range, supply voltage, portability and resolution. It can be concluded that even though there are various schemes of DCO that have been implemented for ADPLL, the selection of the DCO is frequently based on the ADPLL applications and the complexity of the scheme. The demand for the low power dissipation and high resolution DCO in CMOS technology shall remain a challenging and active area of research for years to come. Thus, this review shall work as a guideline for the researchers who wish to work on all digital PLL

Performance analysis of noninvasive electrophysiological methods for the assessment of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy in clinical research: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis

Despite the availability of various clinical trials that used different diagnostic methods to identify diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN), no reliable studies that prove the associations among diagnostic parameters from two different methods are available. Statistically significant diagnostic parameters from various methods can help determine if two different methods can be incorporated together for diagnosing DSPN. In this study, a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were performed to determine the associations among the different parameters from the most commonly used electrophysiological screening methods in clinical research for DSPN, namely, nerve conduction study (NCS), corneal confocal microscopy (CCM), and electromyography (EMG), for different experimental groups. Electronic databases (e.g., Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar) were searched systematically for articles reporting different screening tools for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A total of 22 studies involving 2394 participants (801 patients with DSPN, 702 controls, and 891 non-DSPN patients) were reviewed systematically. Meta-analysis was performed to determine statistical significance of difference among four NCS parameters, i.e., peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity, peroneal motor nerve amplitude, sural sensory nerve conduction velocity, and sural sensory nerve amplitude (all p < 0.001); among three CCM parameters, including nerve fiber density, nerve branch density, and nerve fiber length (all p < 0.001); and among four EMG parameters, namely, time to peak occurrence (from 0 to 100% of the stance phase) of four lower limb muscles, including the vastus lateralis (p < 0.001), tibialis anterior (p = 0.63), lateral gastrocnemius (p = 0.01), and gastrocnemius medialis (p = 0.004), and the vibration perception threshold (p < 0.001). Moreover, TSA was conducted to estimate the robustness of the meta-analysis. Most of the parameters showed statistical significance between each other, whereas some were statistically nonsignificant. This meta-analysis and TSA concluded that studies including NCS and CCM parameters were conclusive and robust. However, the included studies on EMG were inconclusive, and additional clinical trials are required. 2020, The Author(s).Study Funded by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) under the Grant Number DIP-2020-004, and DIP-2018-017 and the Qatar National Research Fund, Grant Number: NPRP12s-0227-190164).Scopu

Preference and placement of vehicle crash sensors

Senzori za detekciju sudara su od bitne važnosti u aplikacijama za sigurnost vozila. Jedna od najvažnijih primjena tih mjernih sustava je u sustavima za vezanje vozača u vozilu. Uz to, senzori se uveliko koriste za ublažavanje udesa i u razvijenom sustavu upravljanja vozilom. Senzori za otkrivanje sudara su se u zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća značajno razvili. Ipak, postojeći zahtjevi i izazovi dovode do novih inovacija i poboljšanja njihovih funkcija. U ovom se radu daje pregled senzorskih tehnologija i postavljanja senzora za otkrivanje udesa s naglaskom na otkrivanje sudara prevrtanjem vozila. Daje se i prijedlog za izbor senzora za otkrivanje pojedinog sudara ovisno o radnim karakteristikama senzora. Potražnja za odgovarajućim senzorima u sigurnom sustavu vozila ostaje izazov i aktivno područje rada u nadolazećim godinama. Zato ovaj pregled treba koristiti kao putokaz istraživačima koji se žele baviti detekcijom sudara i izborom senzora.Crash detection sensors play a vital role in vehicular safety applications. One of the major applications of these sensing systems is the use in occupant restraint systems. Besides, sensors are extensively used in the accident mitigation and advanced vehicle control system. Crash sensors have advanced significantly in the last few decades. Yet, existing demands and challenges bring new innovations and improvements in their functions. This paper reviews the sensor technologies and placement of sensors for accident detections with an emphasis on the rollover crash detection. The paper also suggests sensor selection for particular crash detection depending on the performance of the sensors. The demand for the sensors for a responsive driving environment and safe vehicle system shall remain a challenging and active area for years to come. Thus, this review shall work as a guideline for the researchers who wish to study on the crash detection and sensor selection