Evaluacion del efecto de cuatro protocolos de despanoje sobre el rendimiento de maiz (Zea mays L.) semillero en una linea tardia

48 p.Con la finalidad de evaluar cuatro protocolos de despanoje se establecieron dos ensayos en un semillero comercial de maíz híbrido. Los tratamientos fueron: despanoje a dos hojas panojas (T1), despanoje a una hoja panoja (T2), despanoje mecánico con más de tres hojas panojas (T3) y despanoje mixto, que involucra lo mecánico con lo manual (T4). Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en la comuna de Colbún, provincia de Linares, en la VII región. El maíz fue sembrado el día 15 de octubre de 2009. Las evaluaciones fueron: tamaño plantas (cm), número de hojas/plantas, rendimiento bruto y de semilla (kg /ha), humedad de cosecha (%), número de hileras por mazorca, número de filas por mazorca, número de granos por mazorca, tamaño mazorca (cm) y peso de mil granos (gr). Una vez cosechados los ensayos las mallas que contenían las mazorcas se trasladaron a la planta de procesamiento de Agrícola Green Seed Limitada, ubicada en la comuna de San Francisco de Mostazal, VI región, en donde se procedió al pesaje de las mallas, secado de mazorcas, desgrane de mazorcas, al calibrado de semillas, evaluar la humedad de la semilla y determinar el peso de mil granos. Tanto el tamaño de plantas como el N° hojas por plantas se redujo en ambos ensayos con el despanoje mecánico. El despanoje mixto a pesar de que en cierta parte es mecanizado no mostró mayor diferencia con los tratamientos manuales (T1 y T2). El rendimiento de mazorcas bruto y de semillas fueron menores al utilizar despanoje mecánico, en comparación con un despanoje convencional. El tamaño de mazorcas fue también menor con el despanoje mecánico. Las componentes del rendimiento como el N° de hileras por mazorca y peso de mil granos no se vieron afectados por los distintos protocolos de despanoje usados a pesar del mayor grado de defoliación que implica el despanoje mecánico. Sin embargo los otros componentes del rendimiento como el N° filas por mazorca y cantidad de granos por mazorcas se vieron alteradas al realizar un despanoje mecanizado lo que explica la baja en el rendimiento del semillero./ ABSTRACT: In order to asses four detasseling methods, two trials were set up in a maize field for seed hybrid production. The treatments were: detassaling with two (T1) or one leaf (T2), mechanized including the extraction of more than three leaves (T3) and mixed one, which combines the mechanical and manual methods (T4). This research was realized in Colbún, located in Linares province (Chile, Maule region). Sowing date was 15 October 2009. Evaluations were: plant size (cm), number of leave per plant, gross yield and seed yield (kg/ha), grain moisture at harvest (%), number of grain lines per cob, number of grain rows per cob, number of grains per cob, size of the cob and the weight of a thousand grains. After the harvest, the bags with ears were sent to the processing plant Agricola Green Seed Limitada, located in San Francisco de Mostazal (Chile, O´Higgins region). In the processing plant the bags were weighed, kernels removed from the cob, the seeds were calibrated and tested the moisture, and weighed the thousand grains. Both, plant size and number of leaves per plant were reduced by the mechanical detasseling. The mixed detasseling did not show an statistical difference compared with the manual treatments (T1 and T2), despite of the fact that is partly mechanical. The gross (cobs plus kernel) and seed yield were lower under mechanical detasseling in comparison with traditional methods (T1 and T2). Cob size was also reduced by the mechanical detasseling. The yield components like number of grains per cob, and the weight of a thousand grains were not affected by the different detasseling methods, despite of the largest defoliation in the mechanical detasseling. Nevertheless, the others yield components like the raw numbers per cob, grain number per cob were affected by the mechanical detasseling, which explain the decline in grain yield

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Compilación de Proyectos de Investigacion de 1984-2002

Instituto Politecnico Nacional. UPIICS

Cardiac myosin activation with omecamtiv mecarbil in systolic heart failure

BACKGROUND The selective cardiac myosin activator omecamtiv mecarbil has been shown to improve cardiac function in patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Its effect on cardiovascular outcomes is unknown. METHODS We randomly assigned 8256 patients (inpatients and outpatients) with symptomatic chronic heart failure and an ejection fraction of 35% or less to receive omecamtiv mecarbil (using pharmacokinetic-guided doses of 25 mg, 37.5 mg, or 50 mg twice daily) or placebo, in addition to standard heart-failure therapy. The primary outcome was a composite of a first heart-failure event (hospitalization or urgent visit for heart failure) or death from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS During a median of 21.8 months, a primary-outcome event occurred in 1523 of 4120 patients (37.0%) in the omecamtiv mecarbil group and in 1607 of 4112 patients (39.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 0.99; P = 0.03). A total of 808 patients (19.6%) and 798 patients (19.4%), respectively, died from cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.11). There was no significant difference between groups in the change from baseline on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score. At week 24, the change from baseline for the median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level was 10% lower in the omecamtiv mecarbil group than in the placebo group; the median cardiac troponin I level was 4 ng per liter higher. The frequency of cardiac ischemic and ventricular arrhythmia events was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection, those who received omecamtiv mecarbil had a lower incidence of a composite of a heart-failure event or death from cardiovascular causes than those who received placebo. (Funded by Amgen and others; GALACTIC-HF ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02929329; EudraCT number, 2016 -002299-28.)

Chronic coronary syndromes without standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes: the CLARIFY registry

Background and Aims: It has been reported that patients without standard modifiable cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (SMuRFs—diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and smoking) presenting with first myocardial infarction (MI), especially women, have a higher in-hospital mortality than patients with risk factors, and possibly a lower long-term risk provided they survive the post-infarct period. This study aims to explore the long-term outcomes of SMuRF-less patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: CLARIFY is an observational cohort of 32 703 outpatients with stable CAD enrolled between 2009 and 2010 in 45 countries. The baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with and without SMuRFs were compared. The primary outcome was a composite of 5-year CV death or non-fatal MI. Secondary outcomes were 5-year all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE—CV death, non-fatal MI, or non-fatal stroke). Results: Among 22 132 patients with complete risk factor and outcome information, 977 (4.4%) were SMuRF-less. Age, sex, and time since CAD diagnosis were similar across groups. SMuRF-less patients had a lower 5-year rate of CV death or non-fatal MI (5.43% [95% CI 4.08–7.19] vs. 7.68% [95% CI 7.30–8.08], P = 0.012), all-cause mortality, and MACE. Similar results were found after adjustments. Clinical event rates increased steadily with the number of SMuRFs. The benefit of SMuRF-less status was particularly pronounced in women. Conclusions: SMuRF-less patients with stable CAD have a substantial but significantly lower 5-year rate of CV death or non-fatal MI than patients with risk factors. The risk of CV outcomes increases steadily with the number of risk factors