The effects of machining process variables and tooling characterisation on the surface generation: modelling, simulation and application promise

The paper presents a novel approach for modelling and simulation of the surface generation in the machining process. The approach, by integrating dynamic cutting force model, regenerative vibration model, machining system response model and tool profile model, models the complex surface generation process. Matlab Simulink is used to interactively perform the simulation in a user-friendly, effective and efficient manner. The effects of machining variables and tooling characteristics on the surface generation are investigated through simulations. CNC turning trials have been carried out to evaluate and validate the approach and simulations presented. The proposed approach contributes to comprehensive and better understanding of the machining system, and is promising for industrial applications with particular reference to the optimisation of the machining process based on the product/component surface functionality requirements

Self-optimization of Stride Length Among Experienced and Inexperienced Runners

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 446-453, 2017. Experienced runners appear to naturally select a stride length which is optimal for minimizing oxygen uptake. However, whether this ability is naturally built into the human body or whether it is learned through experience has not been previously tested. This study investigated whether inexperienced runners are as capable as experienced runners of self-optimizing stride length to minimize oxygen uptake. Thirty-three subjects (nineteen experienced and fourteen inexperienced) ran for twenty-minutes while preferred and economical stride lengths were measured. A t-test checked for differences between the experienced and inexperienced groups in the percent increase of oxygen uptake due to not running at the most economical stride length. No difference was found between groups with the increase in oxygen uptake due to not being optimized (p=0.47). The average percent increase in oxygen uptake above the most economical for inexperienced and experienced runners was 1.8% and 1.2% respectively. We concluded that inexperienced and experienced runners are equally capable of matching preferred stride length to economical stride length, thus athletes and coaches do not need to alter runner’s stride length when economy is the main concern

Antisolvent addition at extreme conditions

This article describes the use of antisolvent addition at high-pressure to aid precipitation and recovery of high-pressure phases to ambient pressure. Paracetamol (PCM) was used as a model system to demonstrate the principle due to the extensive literature of paracetamol at high-pressure and ambient pressure. We have observed that we are able to recover the orthorhombic form of paracetamol to ambient pressure using this technique, although solvent-mediated transformations are a hurdle. During this investigation we observed a new methanol solvate of paracetamol that is simlar in structure to the known form. The methanol solvate is stable to 0.2 GPa before transformation to the orthorhombic form that is known to be the stable form at high pressure

Food insecurity in South Australian single parents: an assessment of the livelihoods framework approach

Single parent households experience periods of food insecurity more frequently than other Australian families. Despite elevated risk, many single parents achieve food security with limited means. This article applies and evaluates the utility of the livelihoods framework approach as a tool for understanding food insecurity in this population and generating relevant policy recommendations. The approach is adapted here to provide insight into the skills, strategies and resource individuals use to attain or strive for food security. The framework incorporates these individual capabilities into a model of the social, economic and political structures and processes through which individuals navigate to attain food security. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with single parents living in rural and urban South Australia. Transcripts were analysed in an effort to populate a food security livelihoods framework for single parents. The livelihoods framework is found to be capable of reproducing the types and levels of capabilities reported in previous findings. Furthermore, it provides novel insight into the relationships that form between classes of capabilities and between capabilities and the structures and processes in which they are utilised. These insights are considered in terms of relevance to policy

Perspectives on ‘novel’ techniques for designing age-friendly homes and neighborhoods with older adults

Worldwide, growth in the older population creates a pressing need to develop supportive environments that enhance quality of life as people age. Too often, built environments present barriers and challenges to older adults that compromise independent living and adversely affect health and life outcomes. Designing homes, buildings, and neighborhoods with older adults, through exercises in participatory or co-design, could help ensure that environments are better able to facilitate healthy aging. However, while it is potentially advantageous to involve this age group in environmental design decisions, doing so can be difficult. Analysis of and guidance on effective ways to involve older adults in these activities could make the challenge easier. With this aim in mind, this article provides critical perspectives on eight “less traditional” engagement techniques—walking interviews, photovoice, photo-elicitation, Talking Mats®, participatory mapping, drawing, model-making, and the “Design Fair”. Insights into the strengths and limitations of these techniques, gained from observation of their use in participatory design activities, as well as feedback collected from older co-design participants, are presented. The article concludes by offering a number of practical recommendations for those interested in designing age-friendly homes and neighborhoods with older people

Emotional and behavioural difficulties of children and young people at entry into care

Emotional and behavioural difficulties of a sample of children and young people were identified at the point of entry to local authority care by analysis of social work case files. The files indicated high levels of need, including that in children aged under 5. Bedwetting was identified as an important issue related to the physical health and emotional well-being of looked-after children. There was an association between bedwetting and emotional and behavioural problems. Analysis of placement types at entry to care showed that significantly more boys than girls were first placed in residential care

The Influence of Playing Position and Contextual Factors on Soccer Players’ Match Differential Ratings of Perceived Exertion::A Preliminary Investigation

(1) Background: Differential RPE (dRPE) separates scores for breathlessness (RPE-B), leg muscle exertion (RPE-L) and technical/cognitive exertion (RPE-T). Limited information for dRPE is available in soccer match play, yet these measurements may help inform practitioners training and recovery strategies. This preliminary study investigated the effects of playing position and contextual factors on elite soccer players’ dRPE. (2) Methods: Thirty-two male English Premier League players recorded dRPE scores 15–30 min post-match for RPE-B, RPE-L, and RPE-T. Data were analysed using linear mixed models, with magnitude-based inferences subsequently applied. (3) Results: Overall, the mean ± SD for the dRPE were 63 ± 23 arbitrary units (au) (RPE-B), 67 ± 22 au (RPE-L), and 60 ± 24 au (RPE-T). Full Backs reported substantially higher RPE-B, RPE-L and RPE-T when compared to all other positions. Substantially higher RPE-T scores were reported for matches played against Top teams compared to Bottom (10 au; 90% Confidence Interval 5 to 15 au) and Middle (10 au; 4 to 15 au) ranked teams. The effects of match result and location on dRPE were not substantial. (4) Conclusions: Positional differences were observed following soccer match play for RPE-B, RPE-L and RPE-T. Full backs had substantially higher dRPE then any other position, with all players reporting increased RPE-T when playing teams at the Top of the league. These findings can help practitioners monitor internal load responses and support the prescription of training and recovery sessions

Can CCTV reliably detect gun crime?

In recent years the highest levels of gun crime in England and Wales have been recorded. Gun crime is known to occur in environments that fall under the view of the networks of CCTV cameras which are endemic in urban Britain. Consequently, CCTV has the potential to detect gun crime. However, CCTV operators face a near impossible task: often, each individual operator is required to monitor multiple cameras for extended time periods. It is not surprising then to find that CCTV has had little effect at reducing gun crime. A new collaborative research programme (MEDUSA) is underway across the UK which will develop a software application to aid CCTV operators detect the precursors of gun crime. MEDUSA aims automatically to detect both guns as objects (concealed or otherwise) and people who intend to commit gun crime, via CCTV. The system is partly based on eliciting the features that skilled CCTV operators identify as indicative of a concealed weapon or suspicious behaviour related to gun crime. Initial studies into the examination of these skills across several CCTV centres indicate that there was little formal instruction in the detection of mal-intent. Much skill is built up from prolonged experience in examining CCTV imagery. Thus, potentially, there is widespread individualisation of detection skills. Further, visual cues specific to gun crime were limited. However, the present methodology relied upon direct report. It is argued that a range of both consciously and subconsciously detected cues could facilitate gun detection via CCTV. Future studies will examine this possibility

Polymorphism in p-Aminobenzoic Acid

We review the polymorphism of p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA), a model drugcompound whose crystallisation and polymorphic behaviour has been extensively studied in recent years. Beyond the well-known and characterised α and β forms, pABA also crystallises as a γ polymorph, which is structurally similar to the α form. In addition we also compare the newly reported δ form, obtained by high pressure crystallisation and through compression of the α-form. A structural analysis and comparison of all of the forms is presented, the conditions by which each of them is obtained summarised. Crystal structure prediction calculations have also been carried out in order to probe the solid form energy landscape of this compound. The overall picture of the polymorphism of pABA, reveals, surprisingly, the rarity of the β form