Review of \u3cem\u3eBarriers and Belonging: Personal Narratives of Disability.\u3c/em\u3eMichelle Jarman, Leila Monaghan and Alison Quaggin Harkin. Reviewed by Iain Hutchinson.

Review of: Michelle Jarman, Leila Monaghan and Alison Quaggin Harkin, Barriers and Belonging: Personal Narratives of Disability. Temple University Press (2017), 296 pages, $39.95 (paperback and e-book),$94.50 (hardcover)

Early Institutional Provision in Scotland for Disabled Children

From Introduction: By the end of the nineteenth century institutional provision for a wide range of objectives was well-established in Scotland as it was across much of Europe and beyond. While adults were often the initial focus of such provision, specialist institutions for children were also established. However, for disabled children, their introduction might be regarded as haphazard. Institutional provision for hearing impaired children can be traced to 1760, but institutional intervention did not occur for children with physical disabilities until 1874. Institutions for disabled children developed in a context where Scotland’s growing population was gravitating towards the industrialising cities. It was also an era when the ‘rational’ body, and mind, became of concern to ‘respectable’ middle class society while the rise in stature of the medical profession resulted in the ‘imperfect’ body and mind being viewed as defects requiring repair. As ‘disability’ was a collective circumstance constructed in the twentieth century, the uncoordinated development of the preceding century is understandable. In the language of the nineteenth century, the needs and circumstances of a ‘blind’ child were regarded as quite different from those of an ‘idiot’ or ‘imbecile’ child, and a ‘deaf and dumb’ child was not seen as having anything in common with a child who was ‘lame’, ‘crippled’ or bedridden with joint disease. Institutions for disabled children were established with a variety of objectives, including education and training, medical intervention and custodial confinement. The application of the residential institutional option to different types of disablement in childhood was an erratic process lasting more than a century. This paper will begin by exploring the fragmented approach to institutional provision for disabled children in Scotland. The aims of institutions in providing education, training and employment will then be examined along with their roles in providing moral and religious inculcation and facilitating medical intervention. Finally, the objectives of the supporters and administrators of institutions will be discussed, but tempered by some first hand testimony of the institutional experience

Disability in nineteenth-century Scotland - the case of Marion Brown

The perception that people with disabilities increasingly became regarded as ‘other’ as the nineteenth century advanced is encouraged by the expansion of institutionalisation, particularly for those with mental impairments, but also for many people with sensory disablement. People with physical impairments were given less prominence in this trend although, as the medicalisation of disablement gained ascendancy, some of them experienced confinements of considerable duration. This paper recognises that many people with disabilities did not spend portions of their lives in institutions, but lived within the family structure and as part of their local community. It explores this experience through the writings of Marion Brown (1844-1916) who lived in Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire. She suffered from a variety of physical and sensory impairments of varying duration that are revealed in correspondence to relatives in Dunmore, Pennsylvania. Her letters reveal ways in which disablement was both ‘normal’ and marginalising, and they show how contentment and joy were juggled with yearning and apprehension. This paper offers an interpretation of the ways in which Marion Brown’s impairments were of submerged significance in a society ingrained to encountering a variety of economic and social vicissitudes, while on a personal level being the cause of frustration, unrealised aspiration, and impending loss of security

Politics and society in mid-Victorian Glasgow, 1846-1886

Despite the impression of stability and placidity which is conveyed by the virtually uninterrupted Liberal monopoly of its parliamentary representation between 1846 and 1886, Glasgow presents a useful case study of the interaction of political ideas and behaviour with socio-economic movements and institutions in mid-Victorian Britain especially as it was the second largest city. Class was not the basis of political allegiance, and indeed relations between the social classes were generally harmonious. Nevertheless, the economic foundations of the city were transformed after about 1860 with the decline of the textile industry and the rise of heavy engineering, shipbuilding and metal manufacturing sectors, and this shift created important social changes. As a rule, too, economic interests groups were not politically homogeneous, but there is evidence that religious issues provided a significant, (though not definitive), factor in shaping political allegiances. The Glasgow Liberal party consisted of three broad strands: the Whigs, the Dissenting Radicals and the working-class Lib-Labs. Each espoused distinctive facets of Liberalism: the upper-class Whigs, the historic traditions of reform; the more middle-class Radicals, an evangelical interest in temperance, disestablishment and social regeneration based on Christian principles; the Lib-Labs, the political, social and intellectual elevation of the common man. Yet while there was no monolithic unity here, there were wide areas of shared doctrine - free trade and, above all, the commitment to constitutional and political advance - which acted to bind them closely together. Thus, while important social changes occurred to produce alterations in the relative strength of the factions, any fissiparous tendencies could be contained within the framework of common ideals. The Conservatives put no emphasis on such social or economic issues as social reform or tariff reform, but rather appealed to the strong ultra-Protestant sentiments prevalent in Glasgow. This was typified by the party's semi-official liaison with the Orange Order. In addition the Tories also began in this era to establish themselves as the patriotic party. Neither party organisation was active in dealing with technical matters like registration, but each played a different role in promoting their party's prospects. As befitted a minority party, the Conservative Association strove to sustain the spirits of the converted and to propagandise others. The Liberal body in contrast served as a vehicle whereby the various factions sought to secure control over the choice of candidates or to win endorsement for their sectional credos. Hence a powerful caucus emerged, manipulating the mass Liberal movement in order to legitimise the demands of faction. Before 1886, the solidarity of the two major parties left the sizeable Irish element unable to deploy its voting power in order to wring concessions from either. The difficulties of the Irish nationalists were further compounded by a series of obstacles encountered both within their own community and amongst non-Irish Glaswegians. Socialism, too, was powerless, for it only attracted a handful of lower-middle-class young intellectuals, who failed to dent the massive loyalty displayed by the working-classes to Liberalism. At the time, the Home Rule split of 1886 did not appear an irreparable breach and only in retrospect did it take on the semblance of finality. It was not the culmination of a long succession of policy divergences among Liberals leading inevitably to a rupture, nor did it create a class-based realignment of politics. The issue was argued between protagonists as a genuine disagreement over the principles of Liberalism, and only very gradually did the position adopted by the Liberal Unionists harden into one of permanent opposition to the Gladstonian Liberal party, before which there were numerous re-conversions to the latter. However, the mould in which mid-Victorian politics in Glasgow had been set was shattered

Compression of glycolide-h4 to 6 GPa

This study details the structural characterisation of glycolide-h4 as a function of pressure to 6 GPa using neutron powder diffraction on the PEARL instrument at ISIS Neutron and Muon source. Glycolide-h4, rather than its deuterated isotopologue, was used in this study due to the difficulty of deuteration. The low-background afforded by Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) anvils nevertheless enabled the collection of data suitable for structural analysis to be obtained to a pressure of 5 GPa. Glycolide-h4 undergoes a reconstructive phase transition at 0.15 GPa to a previously identified, form-II, which is stable to 6 GPa

Personalities, Preferences and Practicalities: Educating Nurses in Wound Sepsis in the British Hospital, 1870 – 1920

The history of nursing education has often been portrayed as the subordination of nursing to medicine. Yet, as scholars are increasingly acknowledging, the professional boundaries between medicine and nursing were fluid in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when both scientific knowledge and systems of nurse training were in flux. Through its focus on the role of medical practitioners in educating nurses in wound sepsis at four British hospitals between 1870 and 1920, this article attempts to further unite histories of medicine and nursing. It demonstrates that, in this period of uncertainty, the ideas and practices relating to antisepsis, asepsis and bacteriology disseminated to nursing probationers depended on the individual instructor. In demonstrating the localised nature of nursing education, this article argues that further analyses of clinical problems like wound sepsis may enable historians to more clearly identify the importance of professional collaboration within the hospital

Pressure-induced polymorphism of caprolactam : a neutron diffraction study

Caprolactam, a precursor to nylon-6 has been investigated as part of our studies into the polymerization of materials at high pressure. Single-crystal X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data have been used to explore the high-pressure phase behavior of caprolactam and we have observed two new high pressure solid forms. The transition between each of the forms requires a substantial rearrangement of the molecules and we observe that the kinetic barrier to the conversion can aid retention of phases beyond their region of stability. Form II of caprolactam shows a small pressure region of stability between 0.5 and 0.9 GPa with Form III being stable from 0.9 GPa to 5.4 GPa. The two high-pressure forms have a catemeric hydrogen-bonding pattern compared with the dimer interaction observed in the ambient pressure Form I. The interaction between the chains has a marked effect on the directions of maximal compressibility in the structure. Neither of the high-pressure forms can be recovered to ambient pressure and there is no evidence of any polymerization occurring

Satellite observations of fumarole activity at Aluto volcano, Ethiopia : implications for geothermal monitoring and volcanic hazard

J. Biggs, I.M.Watson, W. Hutchison, T.A. Mather and D.M. Pyle are members of the NERC Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET). This work forms a contribution to the NERC Large Grant RiftVolc (NE/L01372X/1) awarded to J. Biggs. W. Hutchison was funded by NERC studentship NE/J500045/1. I.M. Watson is part of the NASA-ASTER science team and acknowledges NASA and JAXA for the provision of data.Fumaroles are the surface manifestation of hydrothermal circulation and can be influenced by magmatic, hydrothermal, hydrological and tectonic processes. This study investigates the temporal changes in fumarole temperatures and spatial extent on Aluto, a restless volcano in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), in order to better understand the controls on fluid circulation and the interaction between the magmatic and hydrothermal systems. Thermal infrared (TIR) satellite images, acquired by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) over the period of 2004 to 2016, are used to generate time series of the fumarole temperatures and areas. The thermal anomalies identified in the ASTER images coincide with known fumaroles with temperatures > 80 °C and are located on or close to fault structures, which provide a pathway for the rising fluids. Most of the fumaroles, including those along the major zone of hydrothermal upwelling, the Artu Jawe Fault Zone, have pixel-integrated temperature variations of only ~ 2 ± 1.5 °C. The exception are the Bobesa fumaroles located on a hypothesised caldera ring fault which show pixel-integrated temperature changes of up to 9 °C consistent with a delayed response of the hydrothermal system to precipitation. We conclude that fumaroles along major faults are strongly coupled to the magmatic-hydrothermal system and are relatively stable with time, whereas those along shallower structures close to the rift flank are more strongly influenced by seasonal variations in groundwater flow. The use of remote sensing data to monitor the thermal activity of Aluto provides an important contribution towards understanding the behaviour of this actively deforming volcano. This method could be used at other volcanoes around the world for monitoring and geothermal exploration.PostprintPeer reviewe

Molecular Signatures of Tumour and Its Microenvironment for Precise Quantitative Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An International Multi-Cohort Diagnostic Validation Study

Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: www.mdpi.com/xxx/s1, Table ST1 – qMIDSV2 Gene panel primer sequences; Figure S1 – qMIDSV1 vs qMIDSV2 384-well assay format and protocols; Figure S2. Individual target gene expression pattern in 1761 samples; Figure S3. Various statistical methods used for gene selection analysis on 1761 clinical samples; Figure S4. Diagnostic performance comparison between qMIDSV2 vs qMIDSV2* (with 4 less effective genes removed from the panel of 14 target genes of qMIDSV2); Figure S5. Effect of removing individual genes from the 14-target gene panel qMIDSV2 (qV2) on diagnostic test performance based on the UK patient cohort data

Reaction of acetylenedicarboxylic acid made easy : high-pressure route for polymerization

A breakthrough has been achieved in improving the efficiency of solid-state polymerization of acetylenedicarboxylic acid (ADCA). Traditional solid state polymerization of ADCA is marked by long exposure times of γ-radiation (>10 days) and very low yields (around 5.5%). We have been able to perform a reaction to an n=8 oligomer, as confirmed by MALDI-TOF, in less than 2 minutes by employing ~6 GPa of pressure. We have determined the crystal structure of ADCA on increasing pressure to (5.2 GPa) to provide insight into the process of polymerization with Pixel calculations supporting our evaluation of the polymerization process