26 research outputs found
RjeÅ”avanje problematike otpadnih voda u procesu proizvodnje piva - primjer koprivniÄke pivovare "Carlsberg Croatia"
Sve veÄa briga o okoliÅ”u i njegovom oÄuvanju, za sadaÅ”nje i buduÄe generacije, dovodi i do brige o vodi, izvoru života. Voda je vrlo važna sirovina za proizvodnju piva, jer pivo sadržava od 85 do 95 posto vode.
Proizvodnja piva, od prvog koraka u proizvodnji pa do ambalažiranja gotovog proizvoda koristi velike koliÄine vode i one se moraju adekvatno zbrinuti. Rijetke industrije, tj. tvornice imaju vlastiti sustav proÄiÅ”Äavanja otpadnih voda i zbrinjavanje mulja i to od samog otvaranja pogona, kao Å”to je to sluÄaj kod koprivniÄke pivovare āCarlsberg Croatiaā, koja je sa radom poÄela 1997. godine. ProÄiÅ”Äene vode iz ureÄaja za obradu otpadnih voda i preÅ”anje mulja, odlaze iz pivovare u kanalizaciju, jer nažalost ponovna uporaba proÄiÅ”Äene vode je tek u razmatranju zbog velikih troÅ”kova izgradnje sustava, dok mulj odlazi na poljoprivredna gospodarstva gdje služi za kompostiranje i druge potrebe poljoprivrednika.
Da bi se poboljÅ”ala kakvoÄa vodnih sustava, proÄiÅ”Äavanje otpadnih voda je presudno i to je tehnoloÅ”ki proces koji se odvija na ureÄajima za proÄiÅ”Äavanje otpadnih voda prema propisima koji su na snazi u Hrvatskoj. Sami procesi su složeni i mogu biti fizikalni, fizikalno-kemijski i bioloÅ”ki. Izbor procesa za obradu otpadnih voda i muljeva ovisi o tome hoÄe li se otpadne vode i mulj ispuÅ”tati ili ponovno uporabiti
BioloÅ”ko proÄiÅ”Äavanje otpadnih voda na podruÄju grada Koprivnice
Temeljem koncepta održivog razvoja, voda se mora Äuvati i Å”tititi za sadaÅ”nje i buduÄe generacije Å”to podrazumijeva i Å”tednju vode pa samim time, u velikom dijelu i proÄiÅ”Äavanje otpadnih voda. Osnovna uloga ureÄaja za proÄiÅ”Äavanje otpadnih voda je proÄiÅ”Äavanje do stupnja kakvoÄe koji osigurava da otpadna voda neÄe pogorÅ”ati i ugroziti prirodno stanje okoliÅ”a. Centralni ureÄaj za proÄiÅ”Äavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) grada Koprivnice kapaciteta 100 000 ES (ekvivalent stanovnika) proÄiÅ”Äava otpadne vode ukljuÄujuÄi treÄi stupanj, a zbog znatnih kolebanja koliÄina i optereÄenja otpadnih voda, tehnologija sekvencijalnog Å”aržnog reaktora (SBR) tehnologija odabrana je kao najbolje rjeÅ”enje za proÄiÅ”Äavanje otpadnih voda grada Koprivnice. ZavrÅ”ni stupanj proÄiÅ”Äavanja na UPOV-a grada Koprivnice predstavlja proces obrade mulja aerobnom stabilizacijom, dehidriranjem i MID ā MIX tehnologijom pri Äemu nastaje kemijski inertan prah ā solidifikat koji se može iskoristiti u graÄevini ili odlagati na odlagaliÅ”te bez utjecaja na okolinu.
U ovom radu analizirani su fizikalno ā kemijski pokazatelji otpadnih voda (KPK, BPK5, ukupni duÅ”ik, ukupni fosfor, suspendirana tvar) na uzorcima otpadne vode sa UPOV-a grada Koprivnice za 2014., 2015. i 2016. godinu. S obzirom na dobivene rezultate može se zakljuÄiti da je proÄiÅ”Äena otpadna voda zadovoljavajuÄe kakvoÄe te da je UPOV-a grada Koprivnice vrlo efikasan
Wastewater treatment in the city of Koprivnica
Based on the concept of sustainable development, water must be stored and protected for present and future generations. This also means saving the water through wastewater treatment. The primary role of the wastewater treatment plants is to treat wastewaters up to a satisfactory level of quality as close as possible to the natural state. The central wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the City of Koprivnica treats wastewater including the tertiary wastewater. Due to considerable fluctuations in wastewater volumes and loads, sequential batch reactor (SBR) technology was selected as the best solution for wastewater treatment. The final stage of treatment at the WWTP of the City of Koprivnica is the process of sludge treatment by aerobic stabilization, dehydration and MID-MIX technology, which produces a chemically inert powder ā solidificate. Solidificate can be used in civil engineering or it can be disposed to landfill without environmental impact. This paper analyses the physical-chemical indicators of wastewater quality (chemical oxygen demand - COD, biological oxygen demand - BOD5, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, suspended matter) on wastewater samples from the WWTP of the City of Koprivnica in a period from 2014 to 2016. The results indicate that the treated wastewater has a satisfactory quality and that the WWTP of the City of Koprivnica works efficiently
Infekcije respiratornim sincicijskim virusom u zimskoj sezoni 2005/2006
Cilj ovog rada bio je odreÄivanje epidemioloÅ”kih karakteristika infekcija respiratornim sincicijskim virusom (RSV) u djece na podruÄju zagrebaÄke županije u zimskoj sezoni 2005/2006. godine.Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 588 bolesnika s akutnom respiratornom infekcijom (ARI). Bolesnici su bili s podruÄja zagrebaÄke županije i hospitalizirani u zagrebaÄkim bolnicama od kolovoza 2005. do kolovoza 2006. godine. Od svakog bolesnika uzet je kliniÄki materijal-nazofaringealni sekret, te je detekcija virusa raÄena pomoÄu komercijalnih monoklonskih protutijela u izravnom imunofluorescentnom testu, a izolacija virusa u staniÄnoj kulturi. Rezultati: Infekcija RSV-om dokazana je u 121/588 tj. 20,57% bolesnika s ARI RSV je dokazan kao uzroÄnik infekcija gornjeg respiratornog trakta u 39/286 tj. 13,63% bolesnika. Dokazan je kao najÄeÅ”Äi uzroÄnik bronhiolitisa u 38/70 tj. 54,28% bolesnika, pneumonije u 19/71 tj. 26,76%, bronhitisa u 20/71 tj.28,16%, te krupa u 1/7 tj. 14,28% bolesnika. Vrhunac epidemijskog tijeka RSV-infekcije je bio u ožujku 2006. godine.ZakljuÄak: Kako je RSV Äest uzroÄnik infekcija donjeg respiratornog trakta u dojenaÄkoj dobi, poglavito u zimskim mjesecima, nužno je - provoÄenjem adekvatne viroloÅ”ke dijagnostike- ustanoviti bolest zbog individualnog lijeÄenja i profilakse, te poÄetak epidemije i njen tijek u populaciji zbog poduzimanja mjera sprjeÄavanja Å”irenja infekcije u djeÄjim kolektivima
Location Planning Approach for Intermodal Terminals in Urban and Suburban Rail Transport
The aim of this study is to find a suitable methodology for planning the locations of intermodal terminals in an urban transit context. The location planning approach, which has been developed and makes this possible, consists of three phases. The first phase is the making of the geographic information system (GIS) database which enables determining the potential locations of intermodal terminals. For every potential location of the terminal, the number of citizens gravitating to a certain terminal is calculated, which at the same time represents the output from the first phase of the model. The second phase uses an optimization algorithm in order to determine the locations of the intermodal terminals. The optimization algorithm provides several solutions for a different number of terminals, and such solutions need to be evaluated. The main contribution of this research is in upgrading the location planning approach by introducing an additional step in assessing the solutions obtained by the optimization algorithm
Impact of surface functionalization on the uptake mechanism and toxicity effects of silver nanoparticles in HepG2 cells
Safe and successful bioapplications of metallic nanoparticles depend on their physicochemical characteristics, in particular their surface properties. This study aimed to investigate how different surface functionalization of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) affect their interaction with mammalian liver cells with regard to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mechanism of cellular uptake. Differentially coated AgNP were prepared by surface functionalization using sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)-sulfosuccinate (AOTAgNP), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABAgNP), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPAgNP), poly-l-lysine (PLLAgNP), and bovine serum albumin (BSAAgNP). Data showed varying toxic potential of differentially coated AgNP. All AgNP types demonstrated concentration dependent effects on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Cytotoxic potential of differentially coated AgNP followed the order of BSAAgNP > PLLAgNP > CTABAgNP > AOTAgNP > PVPAgNP. Exposure of HepG2 cells to non-cytotoxic concentrations (up to 10 mg Ag/L) of AgNP for 24 h induced primary DNA damage as evaluated by alkaline comet assay. The highest increase in both comet tail length and tail intensity was produced by PLLAgNP followed by AOTAgNP, while CTABAgNP appeared to be least damaging. The main uptake mechanisms of AgNP were macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The study findings contribute to the criteria that should be considered in evaluating the biocompatibility and safety of novel nanomaterials
CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
Uvod: Hrvatsko druÅ”tvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga lijeÄniÄkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakoloÅ”kom lijeÄenju Å”eÄerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno poveÄanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o uÄinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene veÄ ukljuÄenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojeÄih smjernica za farmakoloÅ”ko lijeÄenje Å”eÄerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici ĀHrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi Älanovi Hrvatskog druÅ”tva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga lijeÄniÄkog zbora, kao i ostalih ukljuÄenih struÄnih druÅ”tava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. ZakljuÄci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fizioloÅ”kim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u lijeÄenju osoba sa Å”eÄernom bolesti. Ciljeve lijeÄenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajuÄi u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, oÄekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale Äimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktiÄne, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakoloÅ”ko lijeÄenje Å”eÄerne bolesti tipa 2.Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of Ādiabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the Āpharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetesā patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglycemia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes