91 research outputs found
Connection problem for the sine-Gordon/Painlev\'e III tau function and irregular conformal blocks
The short-distance expansion of the tau function of the radial
sine-Gordon/Painlev\'e III equation is given by a convergent series which
involves irregular conformal blocks and possesses certain periodicity
properties with respect to monodromy data. The long-distance irregular
expansion exhibits a similar periodicity with respect to a different pair of
coordinates on the monodromy manifold. This observation is used to conjecture
an exact expression for the connection constant providing relative
normalization of the two series. Up to an elementary prefactor, it is given by
the generating function of the canonical transformation between the two sets of
coordinates.Comment: 18 pages, 1 figur
Quasi-linear Stokes phenomenon for the second Painlev\'e transcendent
Using the Riemann-Hilbert approach, we study the quasi-linear Stokes
phenomenon for the second Painlev\'e equation . The
precise description of the exponentially small jump in the dominant solution
approaching as is given. For the asymptotic power
expansion of the dominant solution, the coefficient asymptotics is found.Comment: 19 pages, LaTe
On Airy Solutions of the Second Painleve Equation
In this paper, we discuss Airy solutions of the second Painleve equation and two related equations, the Painleve XXXIV equation and the Jimbo-Miwa-Okamoto sigma form of second Painleve equation, are discussed. It is shown that solutions which depend only on the Airy function Ai(z) have a completely difference structure to those which involve a linear combination of the Airy functions Ai(z) and Bi(z). For all three equations, the special solutions that depend only on inline image are tronquƩe solutions, i.e., they have no poles in a sector of the complex plane. Further, for both inline image and SII, it is shown that among these tronquƩe solutions there is a family of solutions that have no poles on the real axis
Stability of the periodic Toda lattice under short range perturbations
We consider the stability of the periodic Toda lattice (and slightly more
generally of the algebro-geometric finite-gap lattice) under a short range
perturbation. We prove that the perturbed lattice asymptotically approaches a
modulated lattice.
More precisely, let be the genus of the hyperelliptic curve associated
with the unperturbed solution. We show that, apart from the phenomenon of the
solitons travelling on the quasi-periodic background, the -pane contains
areas where the perturbed solution is close to a finite-gap solution in
the same isospectral torus. In between there are regions where the
perturbed solution is asymptotically close to a modulated lattice which
undergoes a continuous phase transition (in the Jacobian variety) and which
interpolates between these isospectral solutions. In the special case of the
free lattice () the isospectral torus consists of just one point and we
recover the known result.
Both the solutions in the isospectral torus and the phase transition are
explicitly characterized in terms of Abelian integrals on the underlying
hyperelliptic curve.
Our method relies on the equivalence of the inverse spectral problem to a
matrix Riemann--Hilbert problem defined on the hyperelliptic curve and
generalizes the so-called nonlinear stationary phase/steepest descent method
for Riemann--Hilbert problem deformations to Riemann surfaces.Comment: 38 pages, 1 figure. This version combines both the original version
and arXiv:0805.384
On the location of poles for the Ablowitz-Segur family of solutions to the second Painlev\'e equation
Using a simple operator-norm estimate we show that the solution to the second
Painlev\'e equation within the Ablowitz-Segur family is pole-free in a well
defined region of the complex plane of the independent variable. The result is
illustrated with several numerical examples.Comment: 8 pages, to appear in Nonlinearit
Temporal-spatial analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome among hospital inpatients
Background. We report the temporal-spatial spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among inpatients in a hospital ward during a major nosocomial outbreak and discuss possible mechanisms for the outbreak. Methods. All inpatients who had stayed in the same ward as the initial index case patient for any duration before isolation were recruited into a cohort and followed up to document the occurrence of SARS. The normalized concentration of virus-laden aerosols at different locations of the ward was estimated by use of computational fluid dynamics modeling. The attack rates in the various subgroups stratified by bed location were calculated. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to document important risk factors. Results. The overall attack rate of SARS was 41% (30 of 74 subjects). It was 65%, 52%, and 18% in the same bay, adjacent bay, and distant bays, respectively (P = .001). Computation fluid dynamics modeling indicated that the normalized concentration of virus-laden aerosols was highest in the same bay and lowest in the distant bays. Cox regression indicated that staying in the ward on 6 or 10 March entailed higher risk, as well as staying in the same or adjacent bays. The epidemic curve showed 2 peaks, and stratified analyses by bed location suggested >1 generation of spread. Conclusions. The temporal-spatial spread of SARS in the ward was consistent with airborne transmission, as modeled by use of computational fluid dynamics. Infected health care workers likely acted as secondary sources in the latter phase of the outbreak. Ā© 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.published_or_final_versio
Carbon monoxide and stroke: A time series study of ambient air pollution and emergency hospitalizations
postprin
Air pollution and mortality: Effect modification by personal characteristics and specific cause of death in a case-only study
Short-term effects of air pollution on mortality have been well documented in the literature worldwide. Less is known about which subpopulations are more vulnerable to air pollution. We conducted a case-only study in Hong Kong to examine the potential effect modification by personal characteristics and specific causes of death. Individual information of 402,184 deaths of non-external causes and daily mean concentrations of air pollution were collected from 2001 to 2011. For a 10 Ī¼g/m3 increase of pollution concentration, people aged ā„ā65 years (compared with younger ages) had a 0.9ā1.8% additional increase in mortality related to PM, NO2, and SO2. People dying from cardiorespiratory diseases (compared with other non-external causes) had a 1.6ā2.3% additional increase in PM and NO2 related mortality. Other subgroups that were particularly susceptible were females and those economically inactive. Lower socioeconomic status and causes of cardiorespiratory diseases would increase the likelihood of death associated with air pollution.postprin
Long-Time Asymptotics of the Toda Lattice for Decaying Initial Data Revisited
The purpose of this article is to give a streamlined and self-contained
treatment of the long-time asymptotics of the Toda lattice for decaying initial
data in the soliton and in the similarity region via the method of nonlinear
steepest descent.Comment: 41 page
Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus
BACKGROUND: There is uncertainty about the mode of transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distributions of cases in a large community outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong and examined the correlation of these data with the three-dimensional spread of a virus-laden aerosol plume that was modeled using studies of airflow dynamics. METHODS: We determined the distribution of the initial 187 cases of SARS in the Amoy Gardens housing complex in 2003 according to the date of onset and location of residence. We then studied the association between the location (building, floor, and direction the apartment unit faced) and the probability of infection using logistic regression. The spread of the airborne, virus-laden aerosols generated by the index patient was modeled with the use of airflow-dynamics studies, including studies performed with the use of computational fluid-dynamics and multizone modeling. RESULTS: The curves of the epidemic suggested a common source of the outbreak. All but 5 patients lived in seven buildings (A to G), and the index patient and more than half the other patients with SARS (99 patients) lived in building E. Residents of the floors at the middle and upper levels in building E were at a significantly higher risk than residents on lower floors; this finding is consistent with a rising plume of contaminated warm air in the air shaft generated from a middle-level apartment unit. The risks for the different units matched the virus concentrations predicted with the use of multizone modeling. The distribution of risk in buildings B, C, and D corresponded well with the three-dimensional spread of virus-laden aerosols predicted with the use of computational fluid-dynamics modeling. CONCLUSIONS: Airborne spread of the virus appears to explain this large community outbreak of SARS, and future efforts at prevention and control must take into consideration the potential for airborne spread of this virus. Copyright Ā© 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society.published_or_final_versio
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