Analysing interdependencies of complex engineering systems using a digital twin-driven design structure matrix

As engineering design process becomes increasingly complex and interconnected, multidisciplinary teams need to work together, integrating diverse expertise across disciplinary models. Design team often finds it difficult to handle the complexity and interdependencies in both engineering systems and collaborative design process. Previous efforts have been made to address this problem through tracking the system interdependencies using design structure matrix (DSM). However, it is still challenging to deal with complex systems with large data sets and multiple disciplines involved. This paper proposes an effective way to simplify complexity and clarify interdependencies in complex systems through generating DSM from a digital twin (e.g., building information modelling). It firstly defined elements in the digitally generated DSM (digital-DSM) drawing on the Uniclass 2015 classification system and prior work, of which three levels were classified as system-of-systems level, project level, and asset level. Interdependencies in digital-DSM were then defined for different levels of elements correspondingly based on the geometric and semantic information in industry foundation classes (IFC). Finally, a prototype has been constructed to illustrate how the digital-DSM helps to improve the efficiency of late design change in complex engineering systems. The results show that the proposed digital-DSM can initiate a leaner design process through analysing interdependencies and further tracking the propagation of design changes clearly and conveniently

An ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II: Implementation of the DNAS framework using an XML schema

Energy-related occupant behavior in buildings is difficult to define and quantify, yet critical to our understanding of total building energy consumption. Part I of this two-part paper introduced the DNAS (Drivers, Needs, Actions and Systems) framework, to standardize the description of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II of this paper implements the DNAS framework into an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema, titled 'occupant behavior XML' (obXML). The obXML schema is used for the practical implementation of the DNAS framework into building simulation tools. The topology of the DNAS framework implemented in the obXML schema has a main root element OccupantBehavior, linking three main elements representing Buildings, Occupants and Behaviors. Using the schema structure, the actions of turning on an air conditioner and closing blinds provide two examples of how the schema standardizes these actions using XML. The obXML schema has inherent flexibility to represent numerous, diverse and complex types of occupant behaviors in buildings, and it can also be expanded to encompass new types of behaviors. The implementation of the DNAS framework into the obXML schema will facilitate the development of occupant information modeling (OIM) by providing interoperability between occupant behavior models and building energy modeling programs. © 2015 Elsevier Lt