地元プロ・スポーツチームのチームイメージ，チーム同一性と地域愛着

本研究は，地元地域に本拠地をおくプロ・スポーツチームのチームイメージ，チームへの愛着（チーム同一性）と，地元地域への愛着（地域愛着）との関連を明らかにすることを目的とした。郵送法による質問紙調査をチームのホームゲーム会場において実施した結果，有効回答数472（有効回答率23.6％）を得て，そのうちの地元地域（県内・市内）在住者345（17.3％）のみを分析対象とした。その結果，チームイメージは，チームへの愛着（チーム同一性）による分類レベルによって異なっており，高いほど肯定的であった。また地元地域への愛着（地域愛着）もチームへの愛着の分類レベルにより異なっており，地域への一体感（地域同一性）は非ファンよりも熱狂的ファンの方が高く，地域への依存性（限定性）においても非ファンや一般ファンよりも熱狂的ファンの方がより高かった。チームに対し肯定的なイメージを持ちチームへの愛着が最も高い熱狂的ファンは，地元地域への愛着（地域同一性と地域依存性）が高いことが明らかとなった

市民型スポーツボランティアの地域愛着とチームイメージとの関連

本研究は，地元地域に本拠地をおくスポーツチームのサポート活動を行う市民団体が組織するボランティアを対象に，その地域に対する愛着（地域愛着）と地元チームに対するイメージ（チームイメージ）との関連を明らかにすることを目的として，郵送法を用いた質問紙調査を実施した。203名のサンプルを分析した結果，チームイメージがよいほど，居住年数が長いほど，地域愛着が強くなることが示された。さらに，地域愛着を構成する二つの要因とチームイメージとの関連は，地元地域に対する価値や態度，行動などの組み合わせによって生じる感情的な愛着レベルである地域同一性にチームイメージの違いによる差がみられた。他方，ボランティアがこの地元地域でしか得ることができない個人的充足感をもたらす地域依存性では，チームイメージの違いによる差はみられなかった

Quantifying the effectiveness of climate change mitigation through forest plantations and carbon sequestration with an integrated land-use model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Carbon plantations are introduced in climate change policy as an option to slow the build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations. Here we present a methodology to evaluate the potential effectiveness of carbon plantations. The methodology explicitly considers future long-term land-use change around the world and all relevant carbon (C) fluxes, including all natural fluxes. Both issues have generally been ignored in earlier studies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Two different baseline scenarios up to 2100 indicate that uncertainties in future land-use change lead to a near 100% difference in estimates of carbon sequestration potentials. Moreover, social, economic and institutional barriers preventing carbon plantations in natural vegetation areas decrease the physical potential by 75–80% or more.</p> <p>Nevertheless, carbon plantations can still considerably contribute to slowing the increase in the atmospheric CO₂concentration but only in the long term. The most conservative set of assumptions lowers the increase of the atmospheric CO₂concentration in 2100 by a 27 ppm and compensates for 5–7% of the total energy-related CO₂emissions. The net sequestration up to 2020 is limited, given the short-term increased need for agricultural land in most regions and the long period needed to compensate for emissions through the establishment of the plantations. The potential is highest in the tropics, despite projections that most of the agricultural expansion will be in these regions. Plantations in high latitudes as Northern Europe and Northern Russia should only be established if the objective to sequester carbon is combined with other activities.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Carbon sequestration in plantations can play an important role in mitigating the build-up of atmospheric CO₂. The actual magnitude depends on natural and management factors, social barriers, and the time frame considered. In addition, there are a number of ancillary benefits for local communities and the environment. Carbon plantations are, however, particularly effective in the long term. Furthermore, plantations do not offer the ultimate solution towards stabilizing CO₂concentrations but should be part of a broader package of options with clear energy emission reduction measures.</p

An observational study to assess if automated diabetic retinopathy image assessment software can replace one or more steps of manual imaging grading and to determine their cost-effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy screening in England involves labour-intensive manual grading of retinal images. Automated retinal image analysis systems (ARIASs) may offer an alternative to manual grading. OBJECTIVES: To determine the screening performance and cost-effectiveness of ARIASs to replace level 1 human graders or pre-screen with ARIASs in the NHS diabetic eye screening programme (DESP). To examine technical issues associated with implementation. DESIGN: Observational retrospective measurement comparison study with a real-time evaluation of technical issues and a decision-analytic model to evaluate cost-effectiveness. SETTING: A NHS DESP. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive diabetic patients who attended a routine annual NHS DESP visit. INTERVENTIONS: Retinal images were manually graded and processed by three ARIASs: iGradingM (version 1.1; originally Medalytix Group Ltd, Manchester, UK, but purchased by Digital Healthcare, Cambridge, UK, at the initiation of the study, purchased in turn by EMIS Health, Leeds, UK, after conclusion of the study), Retmarker (version 0.8.2, Retmarker Ltd, Coimbra, Portugal) and EyeArt (Eyenuk Inc., Woodland Hills, CA, USA). The final manual grade was used as the reference standard. Arbitration on a subset of discrepancies between manual grading and the use of an ARIAS by a reading centre masked to all grading was used to create a reference standard manual grade modified by arbitration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Screening performance (sensitivity, specificity, false-positive rate and likelihood ratios) and diagnostic accuracy [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] of ARIASs. A secondary analysis explored the influence of camera type and patients' ethnicity, age and sex on screening performance. Economic analysis estimated the cost per appropriate screening outcome identified. RESULTS: A total of 20,258 patients with 102,856 images were entered into the study. The sensitivity point estimates of the ARIASs were as follows: EyeArt 94.7% (95% CI 94.2% to 95.2%) for any retinopathy, 93.8% (95% CI 92.9% to 94.6%) for referable retinopathy and 99.6% (95% CI 97.0% to 99.9%) for proliferative retinopathy; and Retmarker 73.0% (95% CI 72.0% to 74.0%) for any retinopathy, 85.0% (95% CI 83.6% to 86.2%) for referable retinopathy and 97.9% (95% CI 94.9 to 99.1%) for proliferative retinopathy. iGradingM classified all images as either 'disease' or 'ungradable', limiting further iGradingM analysis. The sensitivity and false-positive rates for EyeArt were not affected by ethnicity, sex or camera type but sensitivity declined marginally with increasing patient age. The screening performance of Retmarker appeared to vary with patient's age, ethnicity and camera type. Both EyeArt and Retmarker were cost saving relative to manual grading either as a replacement for level 1 human grading or used prior to level 1 human grading, although the latter was less cost-effective. A threshold analysis testing the highest ARIAS cost per patient before which ARIASs became more expensive per appropriate outcome than human grading, when used to replace level 1 grader, was Retmarker £3.82 and EyeArt £2.71 per patient. LIMITATIONS: The non-randomised study design limited the health economic analysis but the same retinal images were processed by all ARIASs in this measurement comparison study. CONCLUSIONS: Retmarker and EyeArt achieved acceptable sensitivity for referable retinopathy and false-positive rates (compared with human graders as reference standard) and appear to be cost-effective alternatives to a purely manual grading approach. Future work is required to develop technical specifications to optimise deployment and address potential governance issues. FUNDING: The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme, a Fight for Sight Grant (Hirsch grant award) and the Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital and the University College London Institute of Ophthalmology

The IMAGE 2.2 implementation of the SRES scenarios: a comprehensive analysis of emissions, climate change and impacts in the 21st century

The Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment (IMAGE) is a dynamic integrated assessment modelling framework for global change. The main objectives of IMAGE are to contribute to scientific understanding and support decision-making by quantifying the relative importance of major processes and interactions in the society-biosphere-climate system. This CD-ROM presents IMAGE 2.2 and its implementation of the six IPCC SRES scenarios. The complete causality chain (from pressure, to state, to impacts, including feedbacks) is modelled by IMAGE 2.2

De IMAGE 2.2 implementatie van de SRES scenario&apos;s

IMAGE is een geintegreerd ketenmodel dat wordt gebruikt voor mondiale assessments, met name betreffende klimaatverandering. De belangrijkste doelen van IMAGE zijn om bij te dragen aan het wetenschappelijke begrip van klimaatverandering en om de besluitvorming te ondersteunen met kwantitatieve analyses van de belangrijkste processen en interacties van het socio-economische, biosfeer-klimaat systeem. Deze Cd-Rom toont IMAGE 2.2 en haar implementatie van de 6 SRES scenario's van de IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). IMAGE 2.2 beschrijft en analyseert de volledige mileu-effectketen van druk tot toestand en gevolg, inclusief feedbacks.The Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment (IMAGE) is a dynamic integrated assessment modelling framework for global change. The main objectives of IMAGE are to contribute to scientific understanding and support decision-making by quantifying the relative importance of major processes and interactions in the society-biosphere-climate system. This CD-ROM presents IMAGE 2.2 and its implementation of the six IPCC SRES scenarios. The complete causality chain (from pressure, to state, to impacts, including feedbacks) is modelled by IMAGE 2.2.DG

De IMAGE 2.2 implementatie van de SRES scenario&apos;s. Scenario&apos;s van klimaatverandering uit modelruns met verscheidene GCM&apos;s

Supplement to main CD-ROM: RIVM publicatie 481508018&lt;br&gt;IMAGE is een geintegreerd ketenmodel dat wordt gebruikt voor mondiale assessments, met name betreffende klimaatverandering. De belangrijkste doelen van IMAGE zijn om bij te dragen aan het wetenschappelijke begrip van klimaatverandering en om de besluitvorming te ondersteunen met kwantitatieve analyses van de belangrijkste processen en interacties van het socio-economische, biosfeer-klimaat systeem. IMAGE 2.2 beschrijft en analyseert de volledige milieu-effectketen van druk tot toestand en gevolg, inclusief feedbacks. Deze Cd-Rom toont IMAGE 2.2-resultaten op basis van verschillende klimaatpatronen, afkomstig van 5 verschillende GCM's (General Circulation Model). Het doel van deze Cd-Rom is om de onzekerheden in kaart te brengen die voortkomen uit regionale klimaatverschillen. Deze Cd-Rom kan niet zonder de Main Disc van IMAGE 2.2 worden gebruikt (RIVM publicatie 481508018.The Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment (IMAGE) is a dynamic integrated assessment modelling framework for global change. The main objectives of IMAGE are to contribute to scientific understanding and support decision-making by quantifying the relative importance of major processes and interactions in the society-biosphere-climate system. The complete causality chain (from pressure, to state, to impacts, including feedbacks) is modelled by IMAGE 2.2. This CD-ROM presents the IMAGE 2.2 results of runs with different climate change patterns from 5 different GCMs. The goal of this CD-ROM is to show the uncertainties caused by regional differences in climate change patterns. This CD-ROM cannot be used without the main IMAGE 2.2 CD-ROM (RIVM publication 481508018).VRO

The IMAGE 2.2 implementation of the SRES scenarios; A comprehensive analysis of emissions, climate change and impacts in the 21st century

IMAGE is een geintegreerd ketenmodel dat wordt gebruikt voor mondiale assessments, met name betreffende klimaatverandering. De belangrijkste doelen van IMAGE zijn om bij te dragen aan het wetenschappelijke begrip van klimaatverandering en om de besluitvorming te ondersteunen met kwantitatieve analyses van de belangrijkste processen en interacties van het socio-economische, biosfeer-klimaat systeem. Deze Cd-Rom toont IMAGE 2.2 en haar implementatie van de 6 SRES scenario's van de IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). IMAGE 2.2 beschrijft en analyseert de volledige mileu-effectketen van druk tot toestand en gevolg, inclusief feedbacks.<br