ASSESSMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES UNDER TEAK PLANTATATION IN ABIA - BADAGRY, LAGOS, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT This paper investigated whether the Teakplantation established a year ago by Lagos State Government Ministry of Agric and Co-operative at Abia-Badagry meet the soil and environmental requirement as obtainable in countries where Teak grows naturally. Also the study will also establish whether the establishment of Teak tree has changed the soil properties. Sampling design for this study was based on, the need to spread sample sites objectively over the study area. The entire plantation is 2.5ha and five soil samples were collected from the plantation using soil auger. From each of thefive (5) holes dug, soil samples were randomly collected from two sampling depths 0 - 15 em and 15-30cm, respectively. Soil samples were air-dried, sieved, \u27and analyzed in the laboratory using standard techniques. The result of the soil analysis show that PH, EC, TOM, TOC, TN, Av.K, Av.P and Bulk Density ranges between,5.36-5.86,38.00-156.00,1.06-2.41,0.86- 1.92,0.01-0.03,0.03-0.03,0.02-0.02 and 1.31-1.36 respectively. Among the examined variables,Ec has the highest mean (61.00) followed by pH (5.72) while TN/Av.P remained the least value (0.02). Also, EC recorded the highest Standard Deviation (46.73).this was followed by TOM (0.52) while Av.K/Av. Based on the empirical data and the analysis carried out on the Teak plantation and the site characteristics tofind out the suitability or otherwise of the site for maximum Teak yield in the country, it was found that the site characteristics, especially, soil properties are similar to those\u27of places where Teak grows naturally. Therefore it is recommended to Lagos State Ministry of Agric and Cooperative to increase the plantation size. Keywords: teak plantation, sampling design, teak grows naturall

Season-induced variation in water table depth and selected chemical parameters of groundwater in Lagos Coastal Plain Sand Aquifer, Nigeria

In-situ measurement of depth to aquifer and water table was undertaken in 45 protected dug wells over two seasons. Samples were also analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Cl, K, HCO3, CO3, SO4, Mg, K, and Na using universally accepted laboratory techniques. The study was aimed at examining seasonal variations in the chemistry of groundwater in the Lagos Coastal Plain Sand aquifer and its potability using the WHO standards. The study area covered parts of the Lagos Metropolis and the entire settlements of Ikorodu, Epe, and Badagry. The sample locations were mapped with ArcMap 9.3 software while the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired sample T-test, correlation and multivariate statistical techniques using SPSS software 17.0 version. The result shows that about 60% of the samples had pH below the WHO minimum standard of 6.5 in both the dry and wet seasons. Mean EC and TDS levels were excessively high at Igando in both seasons. Some major ions, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, and chloride exceeded the WHO limit at Oko-Oba, Ilogbo, Shomolu and Shogunle in the dry season. They were also excessively high in the wet season at Igando, Oko-Oba, Odo-Onosa, Ilogbo, Shomolu, and Shogunle. Correlation analysis shows that a significant relationship exists between the parameters at p<0.05 with the exception of Mg2+ and K+ in both seasons. The result of the paired sample T-test also shows significant variations among pH, Ca2+, HCO3- and Mg2+ with higher mean values in the dry than the wet season except for pH. Factor analysis identified salinity and anthropogenic activities as the two major sources of pollution. These account for about 74.48% and 84.21% of the total variances in dry and wet seasons, respectively. Consequently, protection of the recharge areas of the aquifer from environmental pollution and formulation and enforcement of appropriate policies that will stem the rate of indiscriminate groundwater exploitation and prevention of saline water intrusion in the coastal settlements are recommended.Keywords: Aquifer; Coastal Plain Sand; Groundwater; Lagos; Seasonal variations, Water quality parameter

Groundwater Quality Assessment in Eti-Osa, Lagos-Nigeria using Multivariate Analysis

Groundwater quality in Eti-Osa was assessed. 18 water samples were collected from hand dug well and measured for 3 physical (pH, EC and TDS) and 9 chemical parameters (Ca, Cl, Fe, TH, Mg, NO3, SO4,TSS and Zn) after standard procedures (APHA). The results show that pH of groundwater samples indicates a neutral condition (7.01).TH was slightly hard (37.11mg/l).TDS, Fe and Mg concentrations were above the NDWQS limit of (500, 0.3 and 0.2mg/l) respectively for drinking water purpose. The Coefficient of variation shows that all the groundwater parameters with the exception of pH, Ca, Cl and Fe are highly heterogeneous. The correlation among the groundwater parameters shows that pH has a negative correlation at P<0.05 with Ca and TSS (r= -0.49).TH and Ca showed a positive correlations with Cl (r=0.51), EC (r=0.58).The factor analysis employed indicates four factors. Factor I, explains 27.73% of the total variance, with a strong positive loading on EC, TDS, Ca and a negative loading on pH. Factor II accounts for 21.35% of the total variance, and was characterized by strong positive loading of Zn and negative loading of Fe and TDS.Factor III was characterized by high positive loading of Cl and TH and accounts for 15.98% of the total variance while factor IV accounts for 14.05% of the total variance and was characterized by a strong positive loading of NO3. The paper recommended routine monitoring and thorough treatment before consumption. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of factor analysis in assessing the hydrochemical processes of groundwater in the area

EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY USING CONTAMINATION INDEX IN PARTS OF ALIMOSHO, LAGOS - NIGERIA

15 groundwater water samples were collected around 3 landfill sites in Igando,Lagos-Nigeria. Sample were analyzed for 7 heavy metals including Iron, Copper, Cadmium, Manganese, Lead, Zinc and Chromium using standard method.The results show that the concentration of heavy metals ranged between nd-55.18 mg L1. Zinc recorded the highest mean concentration of 18.12 mg L1 followed by Manganese (2.89 mg L1) while Chromium recorded the lowest mean value of 0.02mg L1 in the study area. The computed contaminated index ranged between 15.4-432.06.The highest contamination value was recorded at location G5 followed by G2 while location G9 recorded the lowest contamination value in the study area.It was concluded that contamination level is high.Cadmium accounted for about 23.3% for the contamination of groundwater quality deterioration while Lead and Copper accounts for 19.3 and 8.8% respectively.The study recommended treatment, proper maintenance and compliance to the specification of lanfill according to the world standard

Groundwater Quality Assessment in Eti-Osa, Lagos-Nigeria using Multivariate Analysis

Groundwater quality in Eti-Osa was assessed. 18 water samples were collected from hand dug well and measured for 3 physical (pH, EC and TDS) and 9 chemical parameters (Ca, Cl, Fe, TH, Mg, NO3, SO4,TSS and Zn) after standard procedures (APHA). The results show that pH of groundwater samples indicates a neutral condition (7.01).TH was slightly hard (37.11mg/l).TDS, Fe and Mg concentrations were above the NDWQS limit of (500, 0.3 and 0.2mg/l) respectively for drinking water purpose. The Coefficient of variation shows that all the groundwater parameters with the exception of pH, Ca, Cl and Fe are highly heterogeneous. The correlation among the groundwater parameters shows that pH has a negative correlation at P<0.05 with Ca and TSS (r= -0.49).TH and Ca showed a positive correlations with Cl (r=0.51), EC (r=0.58).The factor analysis employed indicates four factors. Factor I, explains 27.73% of the total variance, with a strong positive loading on EC, TDS, Ca and a negative loading on pH. Factor II accounts for 21.35% of the total variance, and was characterized by strong positive loading of Zn and negative loading of Fe and TDS.Factor III was characterized by high positive loading of Cl and TH and accounts for 15.98% of the total variance while factor IV accounts for 14.05% of the total variance and was characterized by a strong positive loading of NO3. The paper recommended routine monitoring and thorough treatment before consumption. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of factor analysis in assessing the hydrochemical processes of groundwater in the area

Regression Model for Predicting Water Quality Parameters: Study of Igando, Lagos-Nigeria

Fifteen groundwater samples were collected from hand dug well. The depths of wells were measured and the water quality analyzed for 7 heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd) after standard method. The study aimed at predicting groundwater quality parameters with depth with a view to ascertain its quality using both correlation and regression model. The results show that depths of hand dug wells ranged between 15.5 m-22.60 m with a mean of 19.47.Iron,Copper, Cadmium, Manganese, Lead, Zinc and Chromium ranged between (0.00-10.16, 0.02-8.71, 0.02-0.32, 0.04-30.00, 0.00-3.14, 1.40-55.18 and 0.00-0.04 mg/L) respectively. The Coefficient of variation revealed that all the examined groundwater parameters with the exception of Chromium are highly variable. All the parameters examined with the exception of Chromium were found to be above the maximum permissible limit for drinking water standard in the area. The regression coefficient of determination accounts for 75.17%.The regression model significantly explains how the depth of well affects groundwater parameters representing about 25% of the information not accounted for in the model. The functional relationship and the degree of correlation between depth of well and parameter indicates that among all the parameter examined only Iron, Copper and Zinc have a significant linear association with depth at 0.05 level of significance (0.024, 0.020 and 0.001 respectively).The study demonstrates the effectiveness of regression model in predicting water quality parameters for the present and future purposes